1 Million Serial Numbers of Different Softwares
A partir de uma investigação aos recursos de processamento de áudio digital em computadores tipo PC, este artigo de divulgação apresenta contribuições a uma normalização de procedimentos que viabilizem uma inclusão significativa de rotinas de produção em áudio digital no espaço escolar. Considerando o fato de que, muito embora, tal aparato não tenha se desenvolvido especificamente para as interações típicas da aula de música, verificou-se positiva a hipótese de uma possível inclusão de conhecimentos e habilidades na instrumentalização do professor que o capacite para tais usos. Essa aproximação analítica alcançou seus objetivos gerais circunstanciando técnicas e operações abrangentes para o uso dos recursos de áudio disponibilizados por esse tipo de tecnologia. Os experimentos se realizaram no “Estúdio Experimental” e no “Laboratório de Ensino da Área de Fundamentos da Linguagem Musical” do Departamento de Música do Centro de Artes da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, em estações de trabalho com configurações bastante simples e domésticas. “Som de Classe” resulta por fim numa contribuição à construção de um conceito de apropriação autoral, que se delineia a partir de rotinas de reações e atitudes onde o conteúdo fundamental daquilo “que se aprende/ensina” é justamente a maneira “como se aprende/ensina”. Essa apropriação dita autoral, é então percebida como uma capacitação resultante dos gestos e ações que lhe deram origem, onde a causa da sua proposição, fundação ou descoberta, se manteve permanentemente a cargo daquele sujeito professor de música em formação, que agora quer gravar os sons da e na sua sala de aula.
Kernel index
This index covers articles published in the LWN.net Kernel Page. All articles from the beginning of 2004 have been entered here.
Academic systems
Realtime Linux: academia v. reality (July 26, 2010)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Access control lists
Rich access control lists (October 20, 2015)
ACCESS_ONCE()
ACCESS_ONCE() (August 1, 2012)
ACCESS_ONCE() and compiler bugs (December 3, 2014)
Who's afraid of a big bad optimizing compiler? (July 15, 2019)
ACPI
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
An API for specifying latency constraints (August 28, 2006)
OLS: Three talks on power management (June 30, 2007)
Tripping over trip points (August 7, 2007)
The ACPI processor aggregator driver (October 7, 2009)
The cpuidle subsystem (April 26, 2010)
Idling ACPI idle (June 1, 2010)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Adore root kit
A new Adore root kit (March 17, 2004)
AdvFS
What's AdvFS good for? (June 25, 2008)
AlacrityVM
AlacrityVM (August 5, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
alloc_skb_from_cache()
alloc_skb_from_cache() (January 4, 2005)
ALSA
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
Alternative instructions
SMP alternatives (December 14, 2005)
Android
Wakelocks and the embedded problem (February 10, 2009)
From wakelocks to a real solution (February 18, 2009)
Fishy business (March 3, 2010)
Suspend block (April 28, 2010)
Blocking suspend blockers (May 18, 2010)
Suspend blocker suspense (May 26, 2010)
What comes after suspend blockers (June 1, 2010)
This week's episode of "Desperate Androids" (June 7, 2010)
Another wakeup event mechanism (June 23, 2010)
An alternative to suspend blockers (November 24, 2010)
A new approach to opportunistic suspend (September 27, 2011)
Yet another opportunity for opportunistic suspend (October 18, 2011)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Bringing Android closer to the mainline (December 20, 2011)
Autosleep and wake locks (February 7, 2012)
The Android ION memory allocator (February 8, 2012)
The Android mainlining interest group meeting: a report (February 28, 2012)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
KS2012: Status of Android upstreaming (September 5, 2012)
LC-Asia: An Android upstreaming update (March 12, 2013)
Integrating the ION memory allocator (September 4, 2013)
The Android Graphics microconference (October 9, 2013)
The LPC Android microconference (October 17, 2013)
In a bind with binder (October 29, 2014)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (September 8, 2015)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (September 14, 2015)
Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone (October 28, 2015)
Lightning talks (November 4, 2015)
Four new Android privilege escalations (August 10, 2016)
Bringing Android explicit fencing to the mainline (October 5, 2016)
Scheduling for Android devices (November 15, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (December 14, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (December 21, 2016)
Eliminating Android wrapfs "hackery" (April 4, 2017)
Running Android on a mainline graphics stack (September 12, 2017)
An update on the Android problem (November 7, 2017)
Android memory management (May 1, 2019)
Scheduling for the Android display pipeline (January 16, 2020)
Evaluating vendor changes to the scheduler (May 19, 2020)
Android kernel notes from LPC 2020 (September 10, 2020)
KVM for Android (November 11, 2020)
The edge-triggered misunderstanding (August 5, 2021)
Not-so-anonymous virtual memory areas (September 3, 2021)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
Generic kernel image
Bringing the Android kernel back to the mainline (November 15, 2018)
Monitoring the internal kernel ABI (September 25, 2019)
The intersection of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
anonmm
Reverse mapping anonymous pages - again (March 24, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
anon_vma
Virtual Memory II: the return of objrmap (March 10, 2004)
VM changes in 2.6.6 (April 14, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
The merging of anon_vma and 4G/4G (May 26, 2004)
The case of the overly anonymous anon_vma (April 13, 2010)
a.out
A way out for a.out (March 24, 2022)
AppArmor
The AppArmor debate begins (April 26, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Security (July 19, 2006)
Linux security non-modules and AppArmor (June 27, 2007)
TOMOYO Linux and pathname-based security (April 14, 2008)
Architectures
UKUUG: The right way to port Linux (November 19, 2008)
System calls and 64-bit architectures (December 17, 2008)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
Little-endian PowerPC (October 6, 2010)
Upcoming DSP architectures (September 7, 2011)
LPC: Coping with hardware diversity (September 14, 2011)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Software and hardware obsolescence in the kernel (August 28, 2020)
The future of 32-bit Linux (December 4, 2020)
The road to Zettalinux (September 16, 2022)
ARM
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
ARM kernel consolidation (May 18, 2011)
Reworking the DMA mapping code (especially on ARM) (November 16, 2011)
Irked by NO_IRQ (December 7, 2011)
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
Supporting multi-platform ARM kernels (May 9, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler update (June 12, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: One zImage to rule them all (June 13, 2012)
Supporting 64-bit ARM systems (July 10, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Supporting KVM on the ARM architecture (July 3, 2013)
Minisummit reports (October 29, 2013)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
The Arm64 memory tagging extension in Linux (October 15, 2020)
Scheduling for asymmetric Arm systems (November 30, 2020)
Porting to
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 1: The basics (August 26, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 2: The early code (September 2, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 3: To the finish line (September 23, 2015)
RISC-V
Why RISC-V doesn't (yet) support KVM (May 20, 2021)
x86
i386 and x86_64: back together? (July 31, 2007)
Detecting and handling split locks (June 7, 2019)
Developers split over split-lock detection (December 6, 2019)
VMX virtualization runs afoul of split-lock detection (April 7, 2020)
A possible end to the FSGSBASE saga (June 1, 2020)
Kernel support for processor undervolting (November 2, 2020)
User-space interrupts (September 30, 2021)
Intel AMX support in 5.16 (November 8, 2021)
Pointer tagging for x86 systems (March 28, 2022)
Support for Intel's Linear Address Masking (July 25, 2022)
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Dealing with complexity: power domains and asymmetric multiprocessing (June 29, 2011)
Asynchronous function calls
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
Deadlocking the system with asynchronous functions (January 16, 2013)
Asynchronous I/O
A retry-based AIO infrastructure (March 2, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Asynchronous I/O (July 21, 2004)
Asynchronous I/O and vectored operations (February 7, 2006)
The kevent interface (February 22, 2006)
OLS: A proposal for a new networking API (July 22, 2006)
API changes: interrupt handlers and vectored I/O (October 2, 2006)
Asynchronous buffered file I/O (January 3, 2007)
Fibrils and asynchronous system calls (January 31, 2007)
Kernel fibrillation (February 6, 2007)
Threadlets (February 27, 2007)
The return of syslets (May 30, 2007)
LCA: A new approach to asynchronous I/O (January 27, 2009)
LSFMM: Reducing io_submit() latency (May 1, 2013)
Non-blocking buffered file read operations (September 23, 2014)
Asynchronous buffered read operations (March 18, 2015)
Fixing asynchronous I/O, again (January 13, 2016)
Toward non-blocking asynchronous I/O (May 30, 2017)
A new kernel polling interface (January 9, 2018)
Ringing in a new asynchronous I/O API (January 15, 2019)
io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles (February 13, 2019)
Asynchronous fsync() (May 21, 2019)
The rapid growth of io_uring (January 24, 2020)
Automatic buffer selection for io_uring (March 20, 2020)
Operations restrictions for io_uring (July 15, 2020)
Zero-copy network transmission with io_uring (December 30, 2021)
Atomic I/O operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic usage patterns in the kernel (August 31, 2016)
Atomic patterns 2: coupled atomics (September 7, 2016)
Atomic spinlocks
The realtime preemption endgame (August 5, 2009)
The realtime preemption mini-summit (September 28, 2009)
atomic_t
No more 24-bit atomic_t (February 18, 2004)
The search for fast, scalable counters (February 1, 2006)
Atomic additions (July 20, 2015)
Two approaches to reference count hardening (July 7, 2016)
Atomic primitives in the kernel (July 27, 2016)
The bumpy road to reference-count protection in the kernel (November 16, 2016)
Auditing
The lightweight auditing framework (April 7, 2004)
More hooks for kernel events (February 9, 2005)
Who audits the audit code? (May 29, 2014)
Audit, namespaces, and containers (September 8, 2016)
Container IDs for the audit subsystem (December 6, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Auditing io_uring (June 3, 2021)
Automounter
Trapfs - an automounter on the cheap (November 3, 2004)
Auxiliary bus
Managing multifunction devices with the auxiliary bus (December 17, 2020)
Beancounters
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
Benchmarking
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Tracking tbench troubles (October 29, 2008)
A survey of scheduler benchmarks (June 14, 2017)
Testing scheduler thermal properties for avionics (May 15, 2020)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
Berkeley Packet Filter
A JIT for packet filters (April 12, 2011)
BPF: the universal in-kernel virtual machine (May 21, 2014)
Extending extended BPF (July 2, 2014)
A reworked BPF API (July 23, 2014)
A report from the networking miniconference (August 27, 2014)
The BPF system call API, version 14 (September 24, 2014)
Persistent BPF objects (November 18, 2015)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
Notes from the LPC tracing microconference (September 21, 2017)
A thorough introduction to eBPF (December 2, 2017)
Some advanced BCC topics (February 22, 2018)
Bpfilter (and user-mode blobs) for 4.18 (May 30, 2018)
Binary portability for BPF programs (November 30, 2018)
Concurrency management in BPF (February 7, 2019)
Managing sysctl knobs with BPF (April 9, 2019)
BPF: what's good, what's coming, and what's needed (May 9, 2019)
BPF at Facebook (and beyond) (October 10, 2019)
BPF and the realtime patch set (October 23, 2019)
Filesystem sandboxing with eBPF (November 6, 2019)
A medley of performance-related BPF patches (January 2, 2020)
Kernel operations structures in BPF (February 7, 2020)
A look at "BPF Performance Tools" (February 26, 2020)
Dumping kernel data structures with BPF (April 27, 2020)
Rethinking bpfilter and user-mode helpers (June 12, 2020)
Sleepable BPF programs (July 7, 2020)
iproute2 and libbpf: vendoring on the small scale (November 12, 2020)
BPF meets io_uring (March 4, 2021)
Toward signed BPF programs (April 22, 2021)
Calling kernel functions from BPF (May 13, 2021)
Implementing eBPF for Windows (June 10, 2021)
Taming the BPF superpowers (September 29, 2021)
Controlling the CPU scheduler with BPF (October 21, 2021)
Long-lived kernel pointers in BPF (July 14, 2022)
The BPF panic function (July 18, 2022)
How far do we want to go with BPF? (September 19, 2022)
BPF as a safer kernel programming environment (September 23, 2022)
Device drivers
IR decoding with BPF (July 9, 2018)
BPF for HID drivers (September 26, 2022)
Loops
Bounded loops in BPF programs (December 3, 2018)
Bounded loops in BPF for the 5.3 kernel (July 31, 2019)
A different approach to BPF loops (November 29, 2021)
Memory management
A memory allocator for BPF code (February 4, 2022)
The BPF allocator runs into trouble (April 29, 2022)
A BPF-specific memory allocator (June 30, 2022)
Networking
Attaching eBPF programs to sockets (December 10, 2014)
Early packet drop — and more — with BPF (April 6, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
BPF comes to firewalls (February 19, 2018)
Writing network flow dissectors in BPF (September 6, 2018)
Security
Yet another new approach to seccomp (January 11, 2012)
Kernel runtime security instrumentation (September 4, 2019)
KRSI — the other BPF security module (December 27, 2019)
KRSI and proprietary BPF programs (January 17, 2020)
Impedance matching for BPF and LSM (February 26, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
eBPF seccomp() filters (May 31, 2021)
Spectre revisits BPF (June 24, 2021)
Tracing
BPF tracing filters (December 4, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
Tracepoints with BPF (April 13, 2016)
Using user-space tracepoints with BPF (May 11, 2018)
The state of system observability with BPF (May 1, 2019)
Kernel analysis with bpftrace (July 18, 2019)
Type checking for BPF tracing (October 28, 2019)
Relief for insomniac tracepoints (October 29, 2020)
User events — but not quite yet (April 18, 2022)
Unprivileged
Unprivileged bpf() (October 12, 2015)
Providing wider access to bpf() (June 27, 2019)
Reconsidering unprivileged BPF (August 16, 2019)
Big kernel lock
The Big Kernel Lock lives on (May 26, 2004)
The Big Kernel Semaphore? (September 15, 2004)
ioctl(), the big kernel lock, and 32-bit compatibility (December 15, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
The big kernel lock strikes again (May 13, 2008)
Kill BKL Vol. 2 (May 21, 2008)
The BKL end game (March 30, 2010)
Might 2.6.35 be BKL-free? (April 27, 2010)
BKL-free in 2.6.37 (maybe) (September 20, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
The real BKL end game (January 26, 2011)
big.LITTLE
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler update (June 12, 2012)
KS2012: ARM: A big.LITTLE update (September 5, 2012)
A report from the first Korea Linux Forum (October 16, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Fixing a corner case in asymmetric CPU packing (January 7, 2022)
Bind mounts
Read-only bind mounts (May 6, 2008)
Mount namespaces, mount propagation, and unbindable mounts (June 15, 2016)
binfmt_misc
Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
BitKeeper
The kernel and BitKeeper part ways (April 6, 2005)
Block layer
Laptop mode for 2.6 (January 7, 2004)
CDROM drives and partitioning (February 25, 2004)
The return of write barriers (March 24, 2004)
Big block transfers: good or bad? (March 29, 2004)
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Network block devices and OOM safety (March 30, 2005)
Execute-in-place (May 11, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Convergence of network and storage paths (July 20, 2005)
Some block layer patches (October 26, 2005)
Large block size support (May 2, 2007)
Distributed storage (August 21, 2007)
Barriers and journaling filesystems (May 21, 2008)
Block layer: integrity checking and lots of partitions (July 15, 2008)
A superficial introduction to fsblock (March 11, 2009)
Flushing out pdflush (April 1, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem workshop, day 1 (April 7, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem Workshop, day 2 (April 8, 2009)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Interrupt mitigation in the block layer (August 10, 2009)
Page-based direct I/O (August 25, 2009)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 1 (August 9, 2010)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 2 (August 10, 2010)
The end of block barriers (August 18, 2010)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, and Memory Management Summit, Day 1 (April 5, 2011)
Future storage technologies and Linux (April 6, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, and Memory Management Summit, Day 2 (April 6, 2011)
Supporting block I/O contexts (June 18, 2012)
LSFMM: I/O hints (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: Copy offload (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: O_DIRECT (May 1, 2013)
The multiqueue block layer (June 5, 2013)
Tags and IDs (June 19, 2013)
Polling block drivers (June 26, 2013)
Filesystem/block interfaces (March 17, 2015)
Copy offload (March 25, 2015)
Write-stream IDs (April 7, 2015)
Block-layer I/O polling (November 11, 2015)
Block and filesystem interfaces (April 26, 2016)
Partial drive depopulation (April 27, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Multipage bio_vecs (May 4, 2016)
Inline encryption support for block devices (March 22, 2017)
Stream ID status update (March 29, 2017)
A block layer introduction part 1: the bio layer (October 25, 2017)
Block layer introduction part 2: the request layer (November 9, 2017)
A mapping layer for filesystems (May 9, 2018)
Supporting multi-actuator drives (May 15, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The Linux "copy problem" (May 29, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Block drivers
Cleaning up the block driver API (August 28, 2007)
A new block request completion API (January 29, 2008)
How to use a terabyte of RAM (March 12, 2008)
Block layer: solid-state storage, timeouts, affinity, and more (October 15, 2008)
Block layer request queue API changes (May 18, 2009)
Reworking disk events handling (January 19, 2011)
An io_uring-based user-space block driver (August 8, 2022)
Crash recovery for user-space block drivers (August 29, 2022)
Caching
Bcache: Caching beyond just RAM (July 2, 2010)
A bcache update (May 14, 2012)
LSFMM: Caching — dm-cache and bcache (May 1, 2013)
Discard operations
Block layer discard requests (August 12, 2008)
The trouble with discard (August 18, 2009)
The best way to throw blocks away (December 1, 2010)
Issues around discard (May 6, 2019)
Error handling
Improved block-layer error handling (June 2, 2017)
PostgreSQL's fsync() surprise (April 18, 2018)
PostgreSQL visits LSFMM (May 1, 2018)
Handling I/O errors in the kernel (June 12, 2018)
I/O scheduling
Modular, switchable I/O schedulers (September 21, 2004)
Into the ABISS (November 9, 2004)
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
The block I/O controller (November 7, 2009)
Hierarchical group I/O scheduling (February 15, 2011)
An IOPS-based I/O scheduler (January 4, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Proportional I/O controller (September 17, 2012)
The BFQ I/O scheduler (June 11, 2014)
The return of the BFQ I/O scheduler (February 3, 2016)
A way forward for BFQ (December 14, 2016)
Two new block I/O schedulers for 4.12 (April 24, 2017)
Measuring (and fixing) I/O-controller throughput loss (August 29, 2018)
I/O scheduling for single-queue devices (October 12, 2018)
Improving the performance of the BFQ I/O scheduler (March 29, 2019)
Large physical sectors
Linux and 4K disk sectors (March 11, 2009)
4K-sector drives and Linux (March 9, 2010)
Preparing for large-sector drives (January 29, 2014)
Handling 32KB-block drives (March 18, 2015)
Loopback device
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Partitioned loopback devices (November 10, 2004)
Asynchronous block loop I/O (January 30, 2013)
Private loop devices with loopfs (May 7, 2020)
Object storage devices
Linux and object storage devices (November 4, 2008)
Plugging
No more global unplugging (March 10, 2004)
Explicit block device plugging (April 13, 2011)
What happened to disk performance in 2.6.39 (January 31, 2012)
RAID
Journal-guided RAID resync (November 24, 2009)
DM and MD come a little closer (April 20, 2010)
The MD roadmap (February 16, 2011)
Another kernel RAID5 implementation (October 18, 2011)
A journal for MD/RAID5 (November 24, 2015)
Cluster support for MD/RAID 1 (February 3, 2016)
Scalability
More IOPS with BIO caching (September 6, 2021)
The balance between features and performance in the block layer (November 5, 2021)
Solid-state storage devices
Solid-state storage devices and the block layer (October 4, 2010)
Supporting solid-state hybrid drives (November 5, 2014)
Taking control of SSDs with LightNVM (April 22, 2015)
Testing
Challenges with fstests and blktests (June 1, 2022)
Best practices for fstests (June 7, 2022)
Writeback
In defense of per-BDI writeback (September 30, 2009)
Handling writeback errors (April 4, 2017)
Fixing error reporting—again (April 25, 2018)
Zoned devices
Filesystems for zoned block devices (May 21, 2019)
Accessing zoned block devices with zonefs (July 23, 2019)
Btrfs on zoned block devices (April 19, 2021)
Zoned storage (June 14, 2022)
Bogomips
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Books
Linux Kernel Development, Second Edition (March 9, 2005)
Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition now online (March 15, 2005)
The Linux Kernel Primer (October 5, 2005)
Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition (November 22, 2005)
Review: Understanding Linux Network Internals (January 24, 2006)
Book Review: User Mode Linux (May 16, 2006)
Review: Linux Kernel in a Nutshell (February 7, 2007)
Book review: Linux System Programming (December 5, 2007)
Book review: Linux Kernel Development, third edition (December 15, 2010)
Review: The Linux Programming Interface (January 19, 2011)
Bootstrap process
initramfs and where user space truly begins (July 11, 2006)
LPC: Booting Linux in five seconds (September 22, 2008)
Tracking down a "runaway loop" (December 10, 2008)
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
USB and fast booting (April 29, 2009)
The bootstrap process on EFI systems (February 11, 2015)
Toward measured boot out of the box (September 8, 2016)
Broadcom 43xx
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Btrfs
btrfs and NILFS (June 19, 2007)
A better btrfs (January 15, 2008)
Btrfs aims for the mainline (January 7, 2009)
A short history of btrfs (July 22, 2009)
JLS2009: A Btrfs update (October 27, 2009)
Supporting transactions in btrfs (November 11, 2009)
Btrfs: broken by design? (June 22, 2010)
Data temperature in Btrfs (August 3, 2010)
Whither btrfsck? (October 11, 2011)
A btrfs update at LinuxCon Europe (November 2, 2011)
Atime and btrfs: a bad combination? (May 31, 2012)
Btrfs send/receive (July 11, 2012)
VFS hot-data tracking (November 20, 2012)
LSFMM: Btrfs: "are we there yet?" (May 1, 2013)
CoreOS looks to move from Btrfs to overlayfs (December 24, 2014)
In-band deduplication for Btrfs (March 9, 2016)
Btrfs and high-speed devices (August 24, 2016)
Adding encryption to Btrfs (September 21, 2016)
Btrfs at Facebook (July 2, 2020)
epoll_pwait2(), close_range(), and encoded I/O (November 20, 2020)
LWN's guide to
The Btrfs filesystem: An introduction (December 11, 2013)
Btrfs: Getting started (December 17, 2013)
Btrfs: Working with multiple devices (December 30, 2013)
Btrfs: Subvolumes and snapshots (January 6, 2014)
Btrfs: Send/receive and ioctl() (January 22, 2014)
Budget fair queuing scheduler
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Buffer heads
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Build system
Shrinking the kernel with gcc (January 21, 2004)
Building external modules (April 13, 2004)
Separating kernel source and object files (June 23, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
Testing crypto drivers at boot time (August 18, 2010)
Link-time optimization for the kernel (August 21, 2012)
Special sections in Linux binaries (January 3, 2013)
Creating a kernel build farm (October 5, 2016)
The end of modversions? (November 30, 2016)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time garbage collection (December 15, 2017)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time optimization (January 18, 2018)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Compiling kernel UAPI headers with C++ (September 13, 2018)
Building header files into the kernel (March 21, 2019)
Old compilers and old bugs (January 11, 2021)
Moving the kernel to modern C (February 24, 2022)
A framework for code tagging (September 1, 2022)
GCC plugins
Better kernels with GCC plugins (October 5, 2011)
Kernel building with GCC plugins (June 14, 2016)
A pair of GCC plugins (January 25, 2017)
The future of GCC plugins in the kernel (April 1, 2021)
Kernel configuration
Kconfiglib (February 2, 2011)
Kernel configuration for distributions (July 18, 2012)
A different approach to kernel configuration (September 12, 2017)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
bus1
Bus1: a new Linux interprocess communication proposal (August 17, 2016)
C11 atomic operations
C11 atomic variables and the kernel (February 18, 2014)
C11 atomics part 2: "consume" semantics (February 26, 2014)
Time to move to C11 atomics? (June 15, 2016)
CacheFS
A general caching filesystem (September 1, 2004)
Capabilities
Capabilities in 2.6 (April 6, 2004)
Magic groups in 2.6 (May 11, 2004)
Trustees Linux (November 16, 2004)
A bid to resurrect Linux capabilities (September 10, 2006)
File-based capabilities (November 29, 2006)
Fixing CAP_SETPCAP (October 31, 2007)
Restricting root with per-process securebits (April 30, 2008)
Capabilities for loading network modules (March 2, 2011)
CAP_SYS_ADMIN: the new root (March 14, 2012)
The trouble with CAP_SYS_RAWIO (March 13, 2013)
BSD-style securelevel comes to Linux — again (September 11, 2013)
Inheriting capabilities (February 11, 2015)
The kdbuswreck (April 22, 2015)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Namespaced file capabilities (June 30, 2017)
CAP_PERFMON — and new capabilities in general (February 21, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CD recording
SCSI command filtering (July 31, 2006)
2.6.8 problems
2.6.8 and CD recording (August 18, 2004)
CFQ I/O scheduler
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Changelogs
In search of the perfect changelog (April 22, 2009)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Character encoding
The kernel and character set encodings (February 18, 2004)
Working with UTF-8 in the kernel (March 28, 2019)
Char devices
The cdev interface (August 16, 2006)
check_flags()
file_operations method
The end of the fcntl() method (August 18, 2004)
Checkpointing
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
eclone() (November 18, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
KS2010: Checkpoint/restart (November 2, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart: it's complicated (November 9, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
TCP connection hijacking and parasites - as a good thing (August 9, 2011)
Preparing for user-space checkpoint/restore (January 31, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: Checkpoint/restore in user space: are we there yet? (November 20, 2012)
Checkpoint/restore and signals (January 9, 2013)
Checkpoint/restart in user space (October 29, 2013)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CIFS
On the future of smbfs (May 15, 2006)
LSFMM: User space NFS and CIFS servers (May 1, 2013)
Circular buffers
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Circular pipes (January 11, 2005)
The evolution of pipe buffers (January 18, 2005)
Class-based resource management
Kernel Summit: Class-based Kernel Resource Management (July 21, 2004)
Is CKRM worth it? (July 27, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
class_simple
Safe sysfs support (February 11, 2004)
Clockevents
Clockevents and dyntick (February 21, 2007)
CLOCK-Pro
A CLOCK-Pro page replacement implementation (August 16, 2005)
A framework for page replacement policies (March 25, 2006)
Clocks
A common clock framework (December 21, 2011)
Clusters
Clusters and distributed lock management (May 18, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Clustering (July 20, 2005)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Cluster summit presentations
Presentations from the cluster summit (August 11, 2004)
Filesystems
Should the Lustre preparation patches go in? (June 9, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Clustered storage (July 21, 2004)
The OCFS2 filesystem (May 24, 2005)
Time to merge GFS? (August 10, 2005)
Merging GFS2 (September 7, 2005)
New NFS to bring parallel storage to the masses (January 21, 2009)
A look inside the OCFS2 filesystem (September 1, 2010)
Loopback NFS: theory and practice (April 23, 2014)
cmpxchg()
RCU-safe reference counting (July 14, 2004)
Introducing lockrefs (September 4, 2013)
Lockless patterns: an introduction to compare-and-swap (March 12, 2021)
Lockless patterns: more read-modify-write operations (March 19, 2021)
Coding style
How likely should likely() be? (February 10, 2004)
The cost of inline functions (April 28, 2004)
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
NULL v. zero (July 14, 2004)
Kernel headers and user space (November 30, 2004)
The coding style enforcer (May 11, 2005)
Drawing the line on inline (January 3, 2006)
The trouble with volatile (May 9, 2007)
Coding-style exceptionalism (July 20, 2016)
An end to implicit fall-throughs in the kernel (August 1, 2019)
Completely fair scheduler
CFS group scheduling (July 2, 2007)
Fair user scheduling and other scheduler patches (October 16, 2007)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Improving scheduler latency (September 14, 2010)
TTY-based group scheduling (November 17, 2010)
CFS bandwidth control (February 16, 2011)
A group scheduling demonstration (March 16, 2011)
Completions
Some 2.6.11 API changes (January 25, 2005)
Compute Express Link (CXL)
CXL 1: Management and tiering (May 13, 2022)
CXL 2: Pooling, sharing, and I/O-memory resources (May 19, 2022)
Configfs
Configfs - an introduction (August 24, 2005)
Configfs - the API (August 24, 2005)
Containers
Containers and PID virtualization (January 17, 2006)
PID virtualization: a wealth of choices (February 8, 2006)
Containers and lightweight virtualization (April 10, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Paravirtualization and containers (July 19, 2006)
Another container implementation (September 19, 2006)
Process containers (May 29, 2007)
Controlling memory use in containers (July 31, 2007)
KS2007: Containers (September 10, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
System call updates: indirect(), timerfd(), and hijack() (November 28, 2007)
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
Divorcing namespaces from processes (March 3, 2010)
Namespace file descriptors (September 29, 2010)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
Running distributions in containers (October 12, 2011)
A new approach to user namespaces (April 10, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: The failure of operating systems and how we can fix it (November 14, 2012)
Namespaces in operation, part 1: namespaces overview (January 4, 2013)
SO_PEERCGROUP: which container is calling? (March 18, 2014)
Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
Virtual machines as containers (April 23, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Containers, pseudo TTYs, and backward compatibility (June 1, 2016)
Container-aware filesystems (April 3, 2017)
Containers as kernel objects (May 23, 2017)
Process tagging with ptags (December 13, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Containers as kernel objects — again (February 22, 2019)
A filesystem for namespaces (December 3, 2021)
System-call interception for unprivileged containers (June 29, 2022)
Contiguous memory allocator
Contiguous memory allocation for drivers (July 21, 2010)
A reworked contiguous memory allocator (June 14, 2011)
CMA and ARM (July 5, 2011)
A deep dive into CMA (March 14, 2012)
CMA and compaction (April 23, 2016)
Control groups
Integrating memory control groups (May 17, 2011)
LPC: Control groups (September 20, 2011)
Timer slack for slacker developers (October 17, 2011)
Limiting system calls via control groups? (October 19, 2011)
KS2011: Coming to love control groups (October 24, 2011)
Per-cgroup TCP buffer limits (December 6, 2011)
Fixing control groups (February 28, 2012)
Two approaches to kernel memory usage accounting (March 7, 2012)
A proposed plan for control groups (March 14, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Improving kernel-memory accounting for memory cgroups (September 17, 2012)
Throwing one away (September 19, 2012)
The mempressure control group proposal (January 3, 2013)
LSFMM: Soft reclaim (April 23, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, 2013)
The evolution of control groups (October 29, 2013)
The past, present, and future of control groups (November 20, 2013)
Another daemon for managing control groups (December 5, 2013)
The unified control group hierarchy in 3.16 (June 11, 2014)
Control group namespaces (November 19, 2014)
Memory control group fairness (April 27, 2016)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
A resolution on control-group network filters (February 15, 2017)
Three sessions on memory control groups (May 1, 2018)
Cleaning up after dying control groups (May 7, 2019)
Remote memory control-group charging (May 7, 2019)
Shrinking filesystem caches for dying control groups (May 29, 2019)
The burstable CFS bandwidth controller (February 8, 2021)
A "kill" button for control groups (May 3, 2021)
Cleaning up dying control groups, 2022 edition (May 19, 2022)
I/O bandwidth controllers
Writeback and control groups (June 17, 2015)
Controlling block-I/O latency (May 3, 2018)
The block I/O latency controller (July 5, 2018)
The creation of the io.latency block I/O controller (March 14, 2019)
The io.weight I/O-bandwidth controller (June 28, 2019)
LWN's guide to
Control groups, part 1: On the history of process grouping (July 1, 2014)
Control groups, part 2: On the different sorts of hierarchies (July 9, 2014)
Control groups, part 3: First steps to control (July 16, 2014)
Control groups, part 4: On accounting (July 23, 2014)
Control groups, part 5: The cgroup hierarchy (July 30, 2014)
Control groups, part 6: A look under the hood (August 6, 2014)
Control groups, part 7: To unity and beyond (August 13, 2014)
Thread-level control
Thread-level management in control groups (September 1, 2015)
Thread-level control with resource groups (March 16, 2016)
The case of the stalled CPU controller (August 17, 2016)
Control-group thread mode (February 22, 2017)
A milestone for control groups (July 31, 2017)
Coprocessors
LSFMM: Coprocessors, exit times, and volatile ranges, and more (April 23, 2013)
Copyright issues
Buying the kernel (October 13, 2004)
The kernel and binary firmware (April 6, 2005)
The Philips webcam driver - again (May 4, 2005)
The Developer's Certificate of Origin, v1.1 (June 15, 2005)
On the value of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL (October 5, 2005)
On binary drivers and stable interfaces (November 9, 2005)
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL_FUTURE() (February 13, 2006)
Code of uncertain origin (August 9, 2006)
Code of (still) uncertain origin (August 15, 2006)
Resolved: firmware is not software (August 23, 2006)
GPL-only symbols and ndiswrapper (October 25, 2006)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
More quotes of the week - scenes from a flame war (June 19, 2007)
NDISwrapper dodges another bullet (March 5, 2008)
Kernel markers and binary-only modules (March 24, 2008)
Relicensing tracepoints and markers (November 4, 2009)
The trouble with firmware (January 5, 2011)
Bounding GPL compliance times (February 9, 2011)
dma-buf and binary-only modules (February 22, 2012)
The exfiltrated exFAT driver (July 24, 2013)
Questioning EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 23, 2014)
The kernel community confronts GPL enforcement (August 31, 2016)
Maintainers Summit: SPDX, cross-subsystem development, and conclusion (November 8, 2017)
SPDX identifiers in the kernel (November 16, 2017)
Heterogeneous memory management meets EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 12, 2018)
The proper use of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (October 27, 2018)
Netgpu and the hazards of proprietary kernel modules (July 31, 2020)
Copyleft-next and the kernel (July 13, 2021)
copy_*_user()
Hardened usercopy (August 3, 2016)
Hardened usercopy whitelisting (July 7, 2017)
Two topics in user-space access (March 5, 2019)
Proposed return value change
API changes under consideration (August 24, 2004)
COW links
COW Links (March 29, 2004)
cpufreq
Fixing the ondemand governor (April 20, 2010)
Improvements in CPU frequency management (April 6, 2016)
CPU frequency governors and remote callbacks (September 4, 2017)
Saving frequency scaling in the data center (May 21, 2020)
CPUhog
Who let the hogs out? (March 16, 2010)
Cpusets
Cpusets and memory policies (March 22, 2017)
Crash dumps
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
Software suspend - again (February 6, 2006)
Persistent storage for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
Credentials
Credential records (September 25, 2007)
Cryptography
Cryptographic signatures on kernel modules (July 7, 2004)
Asynchronous crypto (November 3, 2004)
An API for user-space access to kernel cryptography (August 25, 2010)
Trusted and encrypted keys (October 6, 2010)
A netlink-based user-space crypto API (October 20, 2010)
A crypto module loading vulnerability (January 28, 2015)
WireGuarding the mainline (August 6, 2018)
Reconsidering Speck (August 8, 2018)
Progress on Zinc (thus WireGuard) (September 26, 2018)
Zinc: a new kernel cryptography API (November 6, 2018)
Adiantum: encryption for the low end (January 16, 2019)
WireGuard and the crypto API (October 16, 2019)
Supporting PGP keys and signatures in the kernel (January 25, 2022)
Cryptoloop
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Customer panel
Kernel Summit: The customer panel (July 21, 2004)
Data integrity
Ext3 and RAID: silent data killers? (August 31, 2009)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Stable pages (May 11, 2011)
Ensuring data reaches disk (September 7, 2011)
Optimizing stable pages (December 5, 2012)
LSFMM: Storage data integrity (April 24, 2013)
Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK)
Network acceleration with DPDK (July 5, 2017)
DAX
Supporting filesystems in persistent memory (September 2, 2014)
DAX and fsync: the cost of forgoing page structures (February 24, 2016)
The persistent memory "I know what I'm doing" flag (March 2, 2016)
DAX on BTT (May 4, 2016)
The future of DAX (March 27, 2017)
daxctl() — getting the other half of persistent-memory performance (June 26, 2017)
DAX semantics (May 13, 2019)
D-Bus
Fast interprocess messaging (September 15, 2010)
Speeding up D-Bus (February 29, 2012)
Missing the AF_BUS (July 3, 2012)
DCCP
Linux gets DCCP (August 30, 2005)
Debian kernel team
The new Debian kernel team (May 26, 2004)
Debugging
Bringing kgdb into 2.6 (February 10, 2004)
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Debugging kernel modules (June 23, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
On not getting burned by kmap_atomic() (November 16, 2004)
Debugfs (December 13, 2004)
Useful gadget: /proc/page_owner (February 1, 2005)
The __nocast attribute (March 29, 2005)
Double kfree() errors (March 6, 2006)
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Development issues part 2: Bug tracking (January 9, 2008)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
An updated guide to debugfs (May 25, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Persistent storage for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
Displaying QR codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Bugzilla, lightning talks, and future summits (October 29, 2013)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Delay accounting
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
del_timer()
Deleting timers quickly (May 12, 2004)
Dentry cache
The value of negative dentries (June 4, 2002)
Dcache scalability and RCU-walk (December 14, 2010)
Dcache scalability and security modules (April 27, 2011)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
How to ruin Linus's vacation (July 19, 2011)
A VFS deadlock post-mortem (April 3, 2013)
Dentry negativity (March 12, 2020)
Negative dentries, 20 years later (April 11, 2022)
Dealing with negative dentries (May 9, 2022)
Desktop support
Kernel Summit 2005: The Kernel and the Linux desktop (July 20, 2005)
A desktop kernel wishlist (October 29, 2014)
Development model
Linus merges up a storm (April 14, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Development process (July 21, 2004)
Another look at the new development model (July 27, 2004)
The -mm development tree (October 5, 2004)
MODULE_PARM deprecated (October 20, 2004)
Some development model notes (October 27, 2004)
Four-level page tables merged (January 5, 2005)
Flushing the page cache from user space (February 22, 2005)
Finding the boundaries for stable kernel patches (April 5, 2005)
Andrew Morton at linux.conf.au (April 23, 2005)
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: The hardware vendors' panel (July 19, 2005)
Reiser4 and kernel inclusion (September 21, 2005)
On the merging of ktimers (October 19, 2005)
What's not going into 2.6.18 (June 6, 2006)
Time for ext4? (June 12, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Kernel quality and development process (July 18, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Development process II (July 19, 2006)
Old kernels and new compilers (August 21, 2006)
Device drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Pointy-haired kernel hackers? (July 11, 2007)
Still waiting for swap prefetch (July 25, 2007)
The case of the unwelcome attribution (September 19, 2007)
PF_CAN (October 8, 2007)
Getting the right kind of contributions (May 28, 2008)
Andrew Morton on kernel development (June 11, 2008)
KS2008: Linux 3.0 (September 16, 2008)
Btrfs to the mainline? (October 8, 2008)
An open letter to Evgeniy Polyakov (November 25, 2008)
On the management of the Video4Linux subsystem tree (February 24, 2009)
TuxOnIce: in from the cold? (May 13, 2009)
Communicating requirements to kernel developers (July 14, 2009)
Fault injection and unexpected requirement injection (December 2, 2009)
Redesigning asynchronous suspend/resume (December 16, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
After the merge window closed... (March 16, 2010)
KVM, QEMU, and kernel project management (March 23, 2010)
A suspend blockers post-mortem (June 2, 2010)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
On the scalability of Linus (July 2, 2010)
A new combined tree for storage subsystems (September 15, 2010)
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
KS2010: Big out-of-tree projects (November 2, 2010)
KS2010: Development process (November 3, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
The platform problem (May 18, 2011)
Android, forking, and control (June 6, 2011)
Avoiding the OS abstraction trap (August 12, 2011)
On multi-platform drivers (September 7, 2011)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: Making kernel developers less grumpy (June 6, 2012)
A kernel panel convenes in Edinburgh (October 23, 2013)
On saying "no" (October 29, 2013)
AMD's Display Core difficulties (December 13, 2016)
LZ4: vendoring in the kernel (February 1, 2017)
Bash the kernel maintainers (November 6, 2017)
Too many lords, not enough stewards (January 31, 2018)
Two perspectives on the maintainer relationship (March 20, 2018)
FIPS-compliant random numbers for the kernel (December 7, 2021)
Remote participation at LSFMM (June 15, 2022)
Code review
Where have all the reviewers gone? (September 11, 2006)
A critical look at sysfs attribute values (March 17, 2010)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Uninitialized blocks and unexpected flags (November 28, 2012)
A FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE followup (December 5, 2012)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Unreviewed code in 3.11 (August 7, 2013)
Two sessions on review (August 20, 2014)
On the problem of maintainer abuse (December 17, 2014)
Memory-management patch review (March 29, 2017)
The trouble with SMC-R (May 18, 2017)
The memory-management development process (April 27, 2018)
The memory-management subsystem development process (May 7, 2019)
Security requirements for new kernel features (July 28, 2022)
Community
ELC: Morton and Saxena on working with the kernel community (April 21, 2008)
KS2010: Welcoming newcomers (November 2, 2010)
Developer recruitment and outreach (November 4, 2015)
Contributor statistics
Who wrote 2.6.20? (February 21, 2007)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Who wrote - and approved - 2.6.22 (June 11, 2007)
2.6.24 - some statistics (January 9, 2008)
How patches get into the mainline (February 10, 2009)
Developer conduct
KS2007: Developer relations and development process (September 10, 2007)
On kernel mailing list behavior (July 17, 2013)
Code, conflict, and conduct (September 18, 2018)
The kernel's code of conduct, one week later (September 26, 2018)
The code of conduct at the Maintainers Summit (October 23, 2018)
A panel discussion on the kernel's code of conduct (November 20, 2018)
Developers as children
Quote of the week (June 15, 2004)
Diversity
Outreach program for women—kernel edition (June 12, 2013)
The Outreach Program for Women (October 29, 2013)
Code humor and inclusiveness (June 11, 2021)
Driver merging
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
KS2008: When should drivers be merged? (September 16, 2008)
Moving the -staging tree (October 1, 2008)
The sad story of the em28xx driver (November 11, 2008)
News from the staging tree (September 9, 2009)
On the driver life cycle (October 13, 2009)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Vtunerc and software acceptance politics (December 14, 2011)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Email analysis
Analyzing kernel email (November 13, 2019)
Enterprise kernels
Kernel competition in the enterprise space (March 14, 2012)
Kernel quality
Toward better kernel releases (December 7, 2004)
Is the kernel development process broken? (March 9, 2005)
Quotes of the week (March 8, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Development process and quality assurance (July 20, 2005)
The newest development model and 2.6.14 (November 2, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Kernel bugs: out of control? (May 10, 2006)
Putting a lid on USB power (June 5, 2006)
Return values, warnings, and error situations (October 17, 2006)
Buried in warnings (November 1, 2006)
A tale of two release cycles (May 1, 2007)
The thorny case of kmalloc(0) (June 5, 2007)
KS2007: Kernel quality (September 6, 2007)
Various topics related to kernel quality (November 14, 2007)
Memory allocation failures and scary warnings (April 7, 2008)
Time to slow down? (May 7, 2008)
Tightening the merge window rules (September 9, 2008)
KS2008: Kernel quality and release process (September 16, 2008)
Tracking of testers and bug reporters - a status report (November 11, 2008)
A tempest in a tty pot (July 29, 2009)
KS2011: Preemption disable and verifiable APIs (October 24, 2011)
Drivers as documentation (November 22, 2011)
Removing uninitialized_var() (December 19, 2012)
Kernel quality control, or the lack thereof (December 7, 2018)
linux-next
linux-next and patch management process (February 13, 2008)
A day in the life of linux-next (June 23, 2008)
The current development kernel is...linux-next? (July 8, 2008)
Linux-next meets the merge window (July 23, 2008)
KS2009: Staging, linux-next, and the development process (October 21, 2009)
Bypassing linux-next (January 19, 2011)
KS2012: Improving development processes: linux-next (September 12, 2012)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The state of linux-next (August 20, 2014)
Loadable modules
The abrupt un-exporting of symbols (January 12, 2005)
Exported symbols and the internal API (September 11, 2007)
Tightening symbol exports (November 27, 2007)
Tracing unsigned modules (March 5, 2014)
The intersection of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
Maintainers
The kernel maintainer gap (October 30, 2013)
On moving on from being a maintainer (January 6, 2016)
On Linux kernel maintainer scalability (October 12, 2016)
Group maintainership models (November 2, 2016)
Scaling the kernel's MAINTAINERS file (August 10, 2017)
MAINTAINERS truth and fiction (January 14, 2021)
Finding real-world kernel subsystems (February 1, 2021)
Resurrecting fbdev (January 19, 2022)
Maintainers don't scale (June 6, 2022)
Patch management
Best practices for a big patch series (February 12, 2014)
Why kernel development still uses email (October 1, 2016)
Change IDs for kernel patches (August 29, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
Patterns
Linux kernel design patterns - part 1 (June 8, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 2 (June 12, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 3 (June 22, 2009)
Ghosts of Unix Past: a historical search for design patterns (October 27, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 2: Conflated designs (November 4, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 3: Unfixable designs (November 16, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 4: High-maintenance designs (November 23, 2010)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 1 (June 1, 2011)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 2 (June 7, 2011)
Flags as a system call API design pattern (February 12, 2014)
Proper handling of unknown flags in system calls (February 26, 2014)
Regressions
Kernel testing and regressions: an example (July 26, 2005)
KS2009: Regressions (October 19, 2009)
KS2010: Regressions (November 2, 2010)
A more detailed look at kernel regressions (November 10, 2010)
Dueling memory-management performance regressions (June 14, 2019)
splice() and the ghost of set_fs() (May 26, 2022)
Better regression handling for the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Security issues
Handling kernel security problems (July 16, 2008)
debugfs: rules not welcome (February 22, 2011)
Dirty COW and clean commit messages (October 21, 2016)
Toward better handling of hardware vulnerabilities (September 12, 2018)
Improving the handling of embargoed hardware-security bugs (October 25, 2018)
What constitutes disclosure of a kernel vulnerability? (June 3, 2022)
A fuzzy issue of responsible disclosure (August 12, 2022)
Stable tree
Some numbers and thoughts on the stable kernels (August 27, 2010)
Further notes on stable kernels (September 8, 2010)
Maintaining a stable kernel on an unstable base (September 29, 2010)
A long-term support initiative update (February 29, 2012)
The value of release bureaucracy (April 17, 2012)
KS2012: Stable kernel management (September 12, 2012)
Some stable tree grumbles (July 17, 2013)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The stable tree (August 20, 2014)
How many -stable patches introduce new bugs? (June 28, 2016)
Backports and long-term stable kernels (September 14, 2016)
A discussion on stable kernel workflow issues (November 1, 2016)
Cramming features into LTS kernel releases (October 10, 2017)
The strange story of the ARM Meltdown-fix backport (March 15, 2018)
Machine learning and stable kernels (September 12, 2018)
Making stable kernels more stable (October 24, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The case of the supersized shebang (February 18, 2019)
Testing and the stable tree (May 28, 2019)
The stable-kernel process (September 16, 2019)
Identifying buggy patches with machine learning (November 4, 2019)
Revisiting stable-kernel regressions (February 13, 2020)
Maintaining stable stability (July 22, 2020)
Preparing for the realtime future (September 9, 2020)
XFS, stable kernels, and -rc releases (December 3, 2020)
A stable bug fix bites proprietary modules (June 21, 2021)
The core of the -stable debate (July 22, 2021)
Rolling stable kernels (October 6, 2021)
A last look at the 4.4 stable series (February 17, 2022)
Filesystems, testing, and stable trees (May 31, 2022)
User-space ABI
Sysfs and a stable kernel ABI (February 22, 2006)
ABI stability documentation (February 28, 2006)
Kevents and review of new APIs (August 23, 2006)
The final wireless extension? (October 4, 2006)
The death and possible rebirth of sysctl() (October 18, 2006)
Application-friendly kernel interfaces (March 26, 2007)
2.6 and the user-space ABI (May 15, 2007)
timerfd() and system call review (August 14, 2007)
Re-deprecating sysctl() (August 29, 2007)
KS2007: The greater kernel ecosystem and user-space APIs (September 6, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
Debugfs and the making of a stable ABI (December 3, 2008)
Removing binary sysctl (November 11, 2009)
Extended error reporting (February 17, 2010)
Nouveau and interface compatibility (March 10, 2010)
The ghost of sysfs past (July 21, 2010)
Statistics and tracepoints (August 24, 2010)
KS2010: ABI status for tracepoints (November 2, 2010)
KS2010: A staging process for ABIs (November 2, 2010)
The media controller subsystem (November 16, 2010)
The kernel and the C library as a single project (November 30, 2010)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
-EWHICHERROR? (June 29, 2011)
The udev tail wags the dog (August 24, 2011)
Hardware face detection (November 29, 2011)
System call filtering and no_new_privs (January 18, 2012)
Short sleeps suffering from slack (February 17, 2012)
A sys_poll() ABI tweak (February 22, 2012)
Fixing the unfixable autofs ABI (April 30, 2012)
Removing four bytes from the kernel ABI (May 23, 2012)
msync() and subtle behavioral tweaks (June 19, 2012)
Virtualization and the perf ABI (December 19, 2012)
Glibc and the kernel user-space API (January 30, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, 2013)
Device trees as ABI (July 30, 2013)
A perf ABI fix (September 24, 2013)
The kernel/user-space boundary (October 29, 2013)
Fixing FS_IOC_GETFLAGS (December 11, 2013)
Changing the default shared memory limits (April 23, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 1: An overview of dnotify and inotify (July 9, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 2: A deeper investigation of inotify (July 14, 2014)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
How implementation details become ABI: a case study (October 1, 2014)
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Pagemap: security fixes vs. ABI compatibility (April 29, 2015)
Designing better kernel ABIs (October 26, 2016)
Specifying the kernel ABI (June 21, 2017)
Rethinking the Stack Clash fix (July 13, 2017)
C library system-call wrappers, or the lack thereof (November 12, 2018)
Maintainers Summit topics: pull depth, hardware vulnerabilities, etc. (September 17, 2019)
Free user space for non-graphics drivers (June 3, 2020)
The ABI status of filesystem formats (October 8, 2020)
Systemd catches up with bind events (November 13, 2020)
The imminent stable-version apocalypse (February 5, 2021)
Version numbers
Linux 3.0? (September 3, 2008)
2.6.x-rc0 (October 7, 2009)
Development tools
Ketchup with that? (April 28, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2006: Automated testing (July 19, 2006)
Device resource management (January 2, 2007)
Using Promela and Spin to verify parallel algorithms (August 1, 2007)
Who maintains this file? (August 21, 2007)
KS2008: Development tools (September 16, 2008)
Who is the best inliner of all? (January 14, 2009)
Poke-a-hole and friends (June 10, 2009)
Finding buffer overflows with Parfait (July 29, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
A module for crashing the kernel (January 26, 2010)
Undertaker 1.0 (February 1, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
KS2011: Scheduler testing (October 24, 2011)
Validating Memory Barriers and Atomic Instructions (December 6, 2011)
Trusting the hardware too much (February 15, 2012)
Linsched for 3.3 (March 21, 2012)
I/O Hook (July 30, 2013)
The kernel address sanitizer (September 17, 2014)
Memory-management testing and debugging (March 16, 2015)
Testing power failures (March 18, 2015)
Fuzzing perf_events (August 5, 2015)
libnvdimm, or the unexpected virtue of unit tests (August 12, 2015)
Speeding up kernel development with QEMU (October 14, 2015)
Protecting private structure members (January 6, 2016)
Coverage-guided kernel fuzzing with syzkaller (March 2, 2016)
Automatically detecting kernel interface changes (October 19, 2016)
A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1) (April 14, 2017)
An introduction to the BPF Compiler Collection (December 22, 2017)
BPFd: Running BCC tools remotely across systems and architectures (January 23, 2018)
Software-tag-based KASAN (September 26, 2018)
Snowpatch: continuous-integration testing for the kernel (January 26, 2019)
Finding race conditions with KCSAN (October 14, 2019)
Next steps for kernel workflow improvement (November 1, 2019)
Better tools for kernel developers (February 6, 2020)
Attestation for kernel patches (March 2, 2020)
The pseudo cpuidle driver (May 21, 2020)
Scrutinizing bugs found by syzbot (October 13, 2021)
Detecting missing memory barriers with KCSAN (December 2, 2021)
A reference-count tracking infrastructure (December 6, 2021)
Digging into the community's lore with lei (December 13, 2021)
Driver regression testing with roadtest (March 18, 2022)
Finding bugs with sanitizers (September 27, 2022)
blktests
Storage testing (May 28, 2019)
Coccinelle
Semantic patching with Coccinelle (January 20, 2009)
Evolutionary development of a semantic patch using Coccinelle (March 30, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
Inside the mind of a Coccinelle programmer (August 31, 2016)
Forges
Pulling GitHub into the kernel process (June 23, 2021)
How Red Hat uses GitLab for kernel development (October 1, 2021)
Git
The guts of git (April 12, 2005)
A very quick guide to starting with git (April 20, 2005)
A couple of graphical git front ends (July 4, 2005)
Git approaches 1.0 (July 27, 2005)
Rebasing and merging: some git best practices (April 14, 2009)
Finding a patch's kernel version with git (June 16, 2010)
Git tree maintenance (October 29, 2013)
Rebasing and merging in kernel repositories (June 18, 2019)
"git request-pull" and confusing diffstats (October 21, 2019)
Handling messy pull-request diffstats (April 22, 2022)
Infrastructure
A kernel.org update (July 22, 2009)
KS2010: Kernel.org update (November 3, 2010)
Kernel development without kernel.org (September 13, 2011)
Where's that tree? (September 21, 2011)
The forest on the move (September 28, 2011)
Kernel.org's road to recovery (October 4, 2011)
KS2011: Kernel.org report (October 24, 2011)
A kernel.org update (October 29, 2013)
Kernel.org news: two-factor authentication and more (August 25, 2014)
Kernel debugging
The kernel lock validator (May 31, 2006)
Injecting faults into the kernel (November 14, 2006)
kmemcheck (November 27, 2007)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
Netoops (November 10, 2010)
Displaying QR codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
BPF-based error injection for the kernel (November 29, 2017)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Kernel tracing
Tracing infrastructures (September 19, 2006)
A generic tracing interface (September 19, 2007)
Tracing: no shortage of options (July 22, 2008)
Low-level tracing plumbing (September 30, 2008)
On the value of static tracepoints (April 28, 2009)
Dynamic probes with ftrace (July 28, 2009)
Fun with tracepoints (August 12, 2009)
TRACE_EVENT_ABI (September 30, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 1 (December 9, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 2 (December 22, 2009)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 1) (March 24, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 2) (March 31, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 3) (April 21, 2010)
ELC: Using LTTng (April 21, 2010)
One ring buffer to rule them all? (May 26, 2010)
trace-cmd: A front-end for Ftrace (October 20, 2010)
Conditional tracepoints (November 30, 2010)
Using KernelShark to analyze the real-time scheduler (February 2, 2011)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
LTTng rejection, next generation (December 14, 2011)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 1 (April 11, 2012)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 2 (April 18, 2012)
KS2012: Improving tracing and debugging (September 12, 2012)
Ktap — yet another kernel tracer (May 22, 2013)
Triggers for tracing (June 26, 2013)
Ktap almost gets into 3.13 (November 6, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace: The hidden light switch (August 13, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
KernelShark releases version 1.0 (July 31, 2019)
Unifying kernel tracing (October 30, 2019)
How to unbreak LTTng (April 20, 2020)
Comparing SystemTap and bpftrace (April 13, 2021)
kgdb
kgdb getting closer to being merged? (February 20, 2008)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Linux kernel memory model
Calibrating your fear of big bad optimizing compilers (October 11, 2019)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 1) (April 8, 2020)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 2) (April 14, 2020)
LLVM
LFCS: Building the kernel with Clang (May 4, 2011)
LFCS: The LLVMLinux project (May 7, 2013)
mmiotrace
Tracing memory-mapped I/O operations (February 26, 2008)
MMTests
Testing for kernel performance regressions (August 3, 2012)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
rt-app
Notes from the LPC scheduler microconference (September 18, 2017)
Rust
Supporting Linux kernel development in Rust (August 31, 2020)
Rust heads into the kernel? (April 21, 2021)
Rust for Linux redux (July 7, 2021)
The Rust for Linux project (September 16, 2021)
Key Rust concepts for the kernel (September 17, 2021)
More Rust concepts for the kernel (September 20, 2021)
Using Rust for kernel development (September 27, 2021)
The kernel radar: folios, multi-generational LRU, and Rust (January 20, 2022)
Rustaceans at the border (April 14, 2022)
A pair of Rust kernel modules (September 12, 2022)
The perils of pinning (September 15, 2022)
Next steps for Rust in the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Sparse
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Using sparse for endianness verification (October 25, 2006)
Sparse gets a maintainer (November 8, 2006)
Sparse: a look under the hood (June 8, 2016)
Static analysis
One year of Coverity work (August 20, 2014)
Static code checks for the kernel (April 13, 2016)
Smatch: pluggable static analysis for C (June 22, 2016)
Testing
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Kernel test automation with LTP (December 17, 2014)
Kernel testing (November 4, 2015)
Memory-management testing (April 27, 2016)
Notes from Linaro Connect (March 15, 2017)
Stack and driver testing (March 22, 2017)
Filesystem test suites (June 13, 2018)
A kernel unit-testing framework (March 1, 2019)
How many kernel test frameworks? (June 5, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
The 2019 Automated Testing Summit (November 13, 2019)
Preparing for the realtime future (September 9, 2020)
The runtime verification subsystem (June 7, 2021)
Trinity
KS2012: Regression testing (August 30, 2012)
LCA: The Trinity fuzz tester (February 6, 2013)
Two sessions on kernel testing (October 29, 2013)
Trinity and memory management testing (March 26, 2014)
Undertaker
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
xfstests
Toward better testing (March 26, 2014)
devfs
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
The return of devfs (May 6, 2009)
Device drivers
Generic DMA pools (February 3, 2004)
The end of init_etherdev() and friends (March 2, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
NETIF_F_LLTX and race conditions (February 1, 2005)
HALs considered harmful (March 15, 2005)
RapidIO support for Linux (June 8, 2005)
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
ZONE_DMA32 (September 20, 2005)
Dynamic USB device IDs (November 21, 2005)
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
The Novell Partner Linux Driver Process (May 17, 2006)
Device drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
KS2007: Hardware support and the i386/x86_64 merger (September 6, 2007)
Linux driver project gets a full-time leader (October 3, 2007)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
A new suspend/hibernate infrastructure (March 19, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
UKUUG: Arnd Bergmann on interconnecting with PCIe (November 19, 2008)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
LCA: Graphics driver ponies (January 26, 2010)
The USB composite framework (July 14, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, 2010)
Deferred driver probing (July 7, 2011)
The pin control subsystem (November 22, 2011)
A firewall for device drivers (August 13, 2021)
Accelerators
Not-a-GPU accelerator drivers cross the line (August 26, 2021)
Requirements for accelerator drivers (September 27, 2021)
Synchronized GPU priority scheduling (October 22, 2021)
TikTok
Chinese video-focused social network
For the film, see TikTok (film). For the song by American singer Kesha, see Tik Tok (song). For other uses, see Tick tock (disambiguation).
TikTok, known in China as Douyin (Chinese: 抖音; pinyin: Dǒuyīn), is a short-form videohosting service owned by Chinese company ByteDance.[2] It hosts a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like pranks, stunts, tricks, jokes, dance, and entertainment[3][4] with durations from 15 seconds to ten minutes.[5][6][7][8] TikTok is an international version of Douyin, which was originally released in the Chinese market in September 2016.[9] TikTok was launched in 2017 for iOS and Android in most markets outside of mainland China; however, it became available worldwide only after merging with another Chinese social media service, Musical.ly, on 2 August 2018.
TikTok and Douyin have almost the same user interface but no access to each other's content. Their servers are each based in the market where the respective app is available.[10] The two products are similar, but their features are not identical. Douyin includes an in-video search feature that can search by people's faces for more videos of them and other features such as buying, booking hotels and making geo-tagged reviews.[11] Since their launch in 2016, TikTok and Douyin rapidly gained popularity in virtually all parts of the world.[12][13] TikTok surpassed 2 billion mobile downloads worldwide in October 2020.[14][15][16]
Morning Consult ranked TikTok as the third fastest growing brand of 2020, after only Zoom and Peacock.[17]Cloudflare ranked TikTok as the most popular website of 2021, surpassing Google.[18]
TikTok has been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction, as well as controversies over inappropriate content, misinformation, censorship and moderation, and user privacy.
History
Evolution
Douyin was launched by ByteDance in Beijing, China in September 2016, originally under the name A.me, before rebranding to Douyin (抖音) in December 2016.[19][20] ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, Zhang Yiming, stated that "China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don’t expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must."[21] Douyin was developed in 200 days and within a year had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos viewed every day.[22][23]
The app was launched as TikTok in the international market in September 2017.[24] On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked first among free application downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.[25]
TikTok has been downloaded more than 130 million times in the United States and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide,[26][27] according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower (those numbers exclude Android users in China).[28]
In the United States, celebrities, including Jimmy Fallon and Tony Hawk, began using the app in 2018.[29][30] Other celebrities, including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok as well and many other celebrities have followed.[31]
On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership.[32] The agreement occurred just two days before the NFL's 100th season kick-off at Soldier Field, where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account, which is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges. In July 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, reported close to 800 million monthly active users worldwide after less than four years of existence.[33]
In May 2021, TikTok appointed Shou Zi Chew as their new CEO[34] who assumed the position from interim CEO Vanessa Pappas, following the resignation of Kevin A. Mayer on 27 August 2020.[35][36][37] On 3 August 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to ban TikTok in the United States on 15 September if negotiations for the company to be bought by Microsoft or a different "very American" company failed.[38] On 6 August, Trump signed two executive orders banning U.S. "transactions" with TikTok and WeChat to its respective parent companies ByteDance and Tencent, set to take effect 45 days after the signing.[39] A planned ban of the app on 20 September 2020[40][41] was postponed by a week and then blocked by a federal judge.[42][43][44][45] President Biden revoked the ban in a new executive order in June 2021.[46] The app has been banned by the government of India since June 2020 along with 223 other Chinese apps in view of privacy concerns.[47]Pakistan banned TikTok citing "immoral" and "indecent" videos on 9 October 2020 but reversed its ban ten days later.[48][49][50] In March 2021, a Pakistani court ordered a new TikTok ban due to complaints over "indecent" content.
In September 2021, TikTok reported that it had reached 1 billion users.[51] In 2021, TikTok earned $4 billion in advertising revenue.[52]
Musical.ly merger
Further information: Musical.ly
On 9 November 2017, TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, spent up to the U.S. $1 billion to purchase musical.ly, a startup headquartered in Shanghai with an overseas office in Santa Monica, California, U.S.[53] Musical.ly was a social media video platform that allowed users to create short lip-sync and comedy videos, initially released in August 2014. It was well known, especially to the younger audience. Looking forward to leveraging the U.S. digital platform's young user base, TikTok merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018 to create a larger video community, with existing accounts and data consolidated into one app, keeping the title TikTok.[55] This ended musical.ly and made TikTok a worldwide app, excluding China, since China already has Douyin.[56][57]
Expansion in other markets
As of 2018, TikTok was available in more than 150 markets, and in 75 languages.[58][59] TikTok was downloaded more than 104 million times on Apple'sApp Store during the full first half of 2018, according to data provided to CNBC by Sensor Tower.[60]
After merging with musical.ly in August, downloads increased and TikTok became the most downloaded app in the U.S. in October 2018, which musical.ly had done once before.[61][62] In February 2019, TikTok, together with Douyin, hit one billion downloads globally, excluding Android installs in China.[63] In 2019, media outlets cited TikTok as the 7th-most-downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[64] It was also the most-downloaded app on Apple's App Store in 2018 and 2019, surpassing Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.[65][66] In September 2020, a deal was confirmed between ByteDance and Oracle in which the latter will serve as a partner to provide cloud hosting.[67][68]Walmart intends to invest in TikTok.[69] This deal would stall in 2021 as newly elected President Biden's Justice Department put a hold on the previous U.S. ban under President Trump.[70][71][72] In November 2020, TikTok signed a licensing deal with Sony Music.[73] In December 2020, Warner Music Group signed a licensing deal with TikTok.[74][75][76] In April 2021, Abu Dhabi's Department of Culture and Tourism partnered with TikTok to promote tourism.[77] It came following the January 2021 winter campaign, initiated through a partnership between the UAE Government Media Office partnered and TikTok to promote the country's tourism.[78]
Since 2014, the first non-gaming apps[79] with more than 3 billion downloads were Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger; all of these apps belong to Meta. TikTok was the first non-Facebook app to reach that figure. App market research firm Sensor Tower reported that although TikTok had been banned in India, its largest market, in June 2020, downloads in the rest of the world continue to increase, reaching 3 billion downloads in 2021.[80]
Features
The TikTok mobile app allows users to create short videos, which often feature music in the background and can be sped up, slowed down, or edited with a filter.[81] They can also add their own sound on top of the background music. To create a music video with the app, users can choose background music from a wide variety of music genres, edit with a filter and record a 15-second video with speed adjustments before uploading it to share with others on TikTok or other social platforms.[82] They can also film short lip-sync videos to popular songs.
The "For You" page on TikTok is a feed of videos that are recommended to users based on their activity on the app. Content is generated by TikTok's artificial intelligence (AI) depending on the content a user liked, interacted with, or searched. This is in contrast to other social networks' algorithms basing such content off of the user's relationships with other users and what they liked or interacted with.[83]
The app's "react" feature allows users to film their reaction to a specific video, over which it is placed in a small window that is movable around the screen.[84] Its "duet" feature allows users to film a video aside from another video.[85] The "duet" feature was another trademark of musical.ly. The duet feature is also only able to be used if both parties adjust the privacy settings.[86]
Videos that users do not want to post yet can be stored in their "drafts." The user is allowed to see their "drafts" and post when they find it fitting.[87] The app allows users to set their accounts as "private." When first downloading the app, the user's account is public by default. The user can change to private in their settings. Private content remains visible to TikTok but is blocked from TikTok users who the account holder has not authorized to view their content.[88] Users can choose whether any other user, or only their "friends," may interact with them through the app via comments, messages, or "react" or "duet" videos.[84] Users also can set specific videos to either "public," "friends only," or "private" regardless if the account is private or not.[88]
Users can also send their friends videos, emojis, and messages with direct messaging. TikTok has also included a feature to create a video based on the user's comments. Influencers often use the "live" feature. This feature is only available for those who have at least 1,000 followers and are over 16 years old. If over 18, the user's followers can send virtual "gifts" that can be later exchanged for money.[89][90]
One of the newest features as of 2020 is the "Virtual Items" of "Small Gestures" feature. This is based on China's big practice of social gifting. Since this feature was added, many beauty companies and brands created a TikTok account to participate in and advertise this feature. With COVID-19 lockdown in the United States, social gifting has grown in popularity. According to a TikTok representative, the campaign was launched as a result of the lockdown, "to build a sense of support and encouragement with the TikTok community during these tough times."[91]
TikTok announced a "family safety mode" in February 2020 for parents to be able to control their children's digital well-being. There is a screen time management option, restricted mode, and can put a limit on direct messages.[92][93]
The app expanded its parental controls feature called "Family Pairing" in September 2020 to provide parents and guardians with educational resources to understand what children on TikTok are exposed to. Content for the feature was created in partnership with online safety nonprofit, Internet Matters.[94]
In October 2021, TikTok launched a test feature that allows users to directly tip certain creators. Accounts of users that are of age, have at least 100,000 followers and agree to the terms can activate a "Tip" button on their profile, which allows followers to tip any amount, starting from $1.[95]
In December 2021, TikTok started beta-testing Live Studio, a streaming software that would let users broadcast applications open on their computers, including games. The software also launched with support for mobile and PC streaming.[96] However, a few days later, users on Twitter discovered that the software allegedly uses code from the open-source OBS Studio. OBS made a statement saying that, under the GNU GPL version 2, TikTok has to make the code of Live Studio publicly available if it wants to use any code from OBS.[97]
In May 2022, TikTok announced TikTok Pulse, an ad revenue-sharing program. It covers the "top 4% of all videos on TikTok" and is only available to creators with more than 100,000 followers. If an eligible creator's video reaches the top 4%, they will receive a 50% share of the revenue from ads displayed with the video.[98]
Content and usage
Demographics
See also: List of most-followed TikTok accounts
TikTok tends to appeal to younger users, as 41% of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24. Among these TikTok users, 90% say they use the app daily.[99] TikTok's geographical use has shown that 43% of new users are from India.[100] As of the first quarter of 2022, there were over 100 million monthly active users in the United States and 23 million in the UK. The average user, daily, was spending 1 hour and 25 minutes on the app and opening TikTok 17 times.[101]
Viral trends
Further information: TikTok food trends
A variety of trends have risen within TikTok, including memes, lip-synced songs, and comedy videos. Duets, a feature that allows users to add their own video to an existing video with the original content's audio, have sparked many of these trends.
Trends are shown on TikTok's explore page or the page with the search logo. The page enlists the trending hashtags and challenges among the app. Some include #posechallenge, #filterswitch, #dontjudgemechallenge, #homedecor, #hitormiss, #bottlecapchallenge and more. In June 2019, the company introduced the hashtag #EduTok which received 37 billion views. Following this development, the company initiated partnerships with edtech startups to create educational content on the platform.[102]
The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[103] Many stars got their start on musical.ly, which merged with TikTok on 2 August 2018. These users include Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Kristen Hancher, Zach King, Lisa and Lena, Jacob Sartorius, and many others. Loren Gray remained the most-followed individual on TikTok until Charli D’Amelio surpassed her on 25 March 2020. Gray's was the first TikTok account to reach 40 million followers on the platform. She was surpassed with 41.3 million followers. D'Amelio was the first to ever reach 50, 60, and 70 million followers. Charli D’Amelio remained the most-followed individual on the platform until she was surpassed by Khaby Lame on June 23, 2022. Other creators rose to fame after the platform merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018.[104]
One notable TikTok trend is the "hit or miss" meme, which began from a snippet of iLOVEFRiDAY's song "Mia Khalifa." The song has been used in over four million TikTok videos and helped introduce the app to a larger Western audience.[105][106] TikTok also played a major part in making "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X one of the biggest songs of 2019 and the longest-running number-one song in the history of the US Billboard Hot 100.[107][108][109]
TikTok has allowed many music artists to gain a wider audience, often including foreign fans. For example, despite never having toured in Asia, the band Fitz and the Tantrums developed a large following in South Korea following the widespread popularity of their 2016 song "HandClap" on the platform.[110] "Any Song" by R&B and rap artist Zico became number one on the Korean music charts due to the popularity of the #anysongchallenge, where users dance to the choreography of the song.[111] The platform has also launched many songs that failed to garner initial commercial success into sleeper hits, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.[112][113] However, it has received some criticism for not paying royalties to artists whose music is used on the platform.[106] In 2020, more than 176 different songs surpassed one billion video views on TikTok.[114]
In June 2020, TikTok users and K-pop fans "claimed to have registered potentially hundreds of thousands of tickets" for President Trump's campaign rally in Tulsa through communication on TikTok,[115] contributing to "rows of empty seats"[116] at the event. Later, in October 2020, an organization called TikTok for Biden was created to support then-presidential candidate Joe Biden.[117] After the election, the organization was renamed to Gen-Z for Change.[118][119]
TikTok has banned Holocaust denial, but other conspiracy theories have become popular on the platform, such as Pizzagate and QAnon (two conspiracy theories popular among the U.S. alt-right) whose hashtags reached almost 80 million views and 50 million views respectively by June 2020.[120] The platform has also been used to spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as clips from Plandemic.[120] TikTok removed some of these videos and has generally added links to accurate COVID-19 information on videos with tags related to the pandemic.[121]
On 10 August 2020, Emily Jacobssen wrote and sang "Ode To Remy," a song praising the protagonist from Pixar's 2007 computer-animated film named Ratatouille. The song rose to popularity when musician Daniel Mertzlufft composed a backing track to the song. In response, began creating a "crowdsourced" project called Ratatouille The Musical. Since Mertzlufft's video, many new elements including costume design, additional songs, and a playbill have been created.[122] On 1 January 2021, a full one-hour virtual presentation of Ratatouille the Musical premiered on the TodayTix. It starred Titus Burgess as Remy, Wayne Brady as Django, Adam Lambert as Emile, Chamberlin as Gusteau, Andrew Barth Feldman as Linguini, Ashley Park as Colette, Priscilla Lopez as Mabel, Mary Testa as Skinner, and André De Shields as Ego.
Several food trends have emerged on the platform, such as Dalgona coffee.
Another TikTok usage that corresponds with engagement and bonds people in society is the use of "challenges." These could be on any related topic such as dances or cooking certain meals. People see other people doing something that is trending and then it continues to spread until it is a viral trend that connects people from all over.[123]
While TikTok has primarily been used for entertainment purposes, TikTok may soon have another use, that of a job resource with the idea that prospective employment seekers would send in videos rather than traditional resumes. The form would most likely be a job search add-on. TikTok has had favorable results in the past with people using the site to find jobs and may be expanding that need, especially in the newer generations.[124]
Alt TikTok
Around mid-2020, some of the users on the platform started to differentiate between the "alt", "elite", or "deep" side of TikTok, seen as having more alternative and queer users, and the "straight" side of TikTok, seen as the mainstream.[125]Hyperpop music, including artists like 100 Gecs, became widely used on Alt TikTok, complementing the bright and colourful "Indie Kid" aesthetic.[126] Alt TikTok was also accompanied by memes with surrealist or supernatural themes (sometimes being described as cursed), such as videos with heavy saturation and humanoid animals.[127] One of the popular videos from Alt TikTok, gaining 18 million likes, shows a llama dancing to a cover of a song from a Russian commercial by the cereal brand Miel Pops, later becoming a viral audio.[128][129] Some Alt TikTok users personified brands and products in what some referred to as Retail TikTok.[127]
Profile picture cults
Another popular trend on TikTok is a large number of users putting the same image as their profile picture, known as a profile picture cult or a TikTokcult. Popular examples include "The Step Chickens" (started by the user @chunkysdead),[130] "The Hamster Cult" and the "Lana Del Rey Cult".[131]
Influencer marketing
TikTok has provided a platform for users to create content not only for fun but also for money. As the platform has grown significantly over the past few years, it has allowed companies to advertise and rapidly reach their intended demographic through influencer marketing.[132] The platform's AI algorithm also contributes to the influencer marketing potential, as it picks out content according to the user's preference.[133] Sponsored content is not as prevalent on the platform as it is on other social media apps, but brands and influencers still can make as much as they would if not more in comparison to other platforms.[133] Influencers on the platform who earn money through engagement, such as likes and comments, are referred to as "meme machines."[132]
In 2021, The New York Times reported that viral TikTok videos by young people relating the emotional impact of books on them, tagged with the label "BookTok," significantly drove sales of literature. Publishers were increasingly using the platform as a venue for influencer marketing.[134]
Use by businesses
In October 2020, the e-commerce platform Shopify added TikTok to its portfolio of social media platforms, allowing online merchants to sell their products directly to consumers on TikTok.[135]
Some small businesses have used TikTok to advertise and to reach an audience wider than the geographical region they would normally serve. The viral response to many small business TikTok videos has been attributed to TikTok's algorithm, which shows content that viewers at large are drawn to, but which they are unlikely to actively search for (such as videos on unconventional types of businesses, like beekeeping and logging).[136]
In 2020, digital media companies such as Group Nine Media and Global used TikTok increasingly, focusing on tactics such as brokering partnerships with TikTok influencers and developing branded content campaigns.[137] Notable collaborations between larger brands and top TikTok influencers have included Chipotle's partnership with David Dobrik in May 2019[138] and Dunkin' Donuts' partnership with Charli D'Amelio in September 2020.[139]
Collab houses
Popular TikTok users have lived collectively in collab houses, predominantly in the Los Angeles area.[140]
Bans and attempted bans
Iran
Iranians cannot access TikTok because of both TikTok rules and Iranian censorship.[141]
India
The Indian Government banned TikTok along with 58 other mobile apps with Chinese developers or investors, including WeChat, UC Browser and PUBG on 29 June 2020.[142][143] The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released a statement saying the apps were "prejudicial to sovereignty and integrity of India, defence of India, security of state and public order."[144][143] It was extended to 47 other apps which the ministry claimed were clones or variants of the banned apps.[143] The ban on TikTok and the 58 other apps was made permanent in January 2021.[145] In February 2021, TikTok announced that due to the ban it will be forced to lay off over 2,000 employees in India.[146]
Bangladesh
In June 2021, Law and Life Foundation, a human rights organization, issued a legal notice to the Bangladeshi government that sought the prohibition of “dangerous and harmful" applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire, but failed to obtain a response. Soon thereafter, Law and Life Foundation’s lawyers filed a petition with the High Court, sharing the organization’s concerns. In August 2020, the High Court encouraged the Bangladeshi government to prohibit “dangerous and harmful” applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire to “save children and adolescents from moral and social degradation.”[147]
Recently more than 2.6 million videos were removed from Bangladesh, according to its recently released Community Guidelines Report for Q4 2021 (October–December 2021). According to the report, Bangladesh ranked 7th worldwide for the largest volume of videos taken down for Community Guidelines violations between October 1, 2021, to December 30, 2021.[148]
United States
Main article: Donald Trump–TikTok controversy
On 6 August 2020, then U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order[149][150] which would ban TikTok transactions in 45 days if it was not sold by ByteDance. Trump also signed a similar order against the WeChat application owned by the Chinese multinational company Tencent.[151][41]
On 14 August 2020, Trump issued another order[152][153] giving ByteDance 90 days to sell or spin off its U.S. TikTok business.[154] In the order, Trump said that there is "credible evidence" that leads him to believe that ByteDance "might take action that threatens to impair the national security of the United States."[155] Donald Trump was concerned about TikTok being a threat because TikTok's parent company was rumored to be taking United States user data and reporting it back to Chinese operations through the company ByteDance.[156] As of 2021, there is still the fear that TikTok is not protecting the privacy of its users and may be giving their data away.[157]
TikTok considered selling the American portion of its business and held talks with companies including Microsoft, Walmart, and Oracle.[158]
On 18 September, TikTok filed a lawsuit, TikTok v. Trump. On 23 September 2020, TikTok filed a request for a preliminary injunction to prevent the app from being banned by the Trump administration.[159] U.S. judge Carl J. Nichols temporarily blocked the Trump administration order that would effectively ban TikTok from being downloaded in U.S. app stores starting midnight on 27 September 2020. Nichols allowed the app to remain available in the U.S. app stores but declined to block the additional Commerce Department restrictions that could have a larger impact on TikTok's operations in the U.S. These restrictions were set to take place on 12 November 2020.[160]
Three TikTok influencers filed a lawsuit, Marland v. Trump.[161] On 30 October, Pennsylvania judge Wendy Beetlestone ruled against the Commerce Department, blocking them from restricting TikTok.[161] On 12 November, the Commerce Department stated that it would obey the Pennsylvania ruling and that it would not try to enforce the restrictions against TikTok that had been scheduled for 12 November.[161]
The Commerce Department appealed the original ruling in TikTok v. Trump. On 7 December, Washington D.C. district court judge Carl J. Nichols issued a preliminary injunction against the Commerce Department, preventing them from imposing restrictions on TikTok.[162][163][164]
In June 2021, new president Joe Biden signed an executive order revoking the Trump administration ban on TikTok, and instead ordered the Secretary of Commerce to investigate the app to determine if it poses a threat to U.S. national security.[165]
In June 2022, reports emerged that ByteDance employees in China could access US data and repeatedly accessed the private information of TikTok users,[166][167][168] TikTok employees were cited saying that "everything is seen in China," while one director claimed a Beijing-based engineer referred to as a "Master Admin" has "access to everything."[166][169][170]
Following the reports, TikTok announced that 100% of its US user traffic is now being routed to Oracle Cloud, along with their intention to delete all US user data from their own data centers.[167][169] This deal stems from the talks with Oracle instigated in September 2020 in the midst of Trump's threat to ban TikTok in the US.[171][172][170]
In June 2022, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr called for Google and Apple to remove TikTok from their app stores, citing national security concerns, saying TikTok "harvests swaths of sensitive data that new reports show are being accessed in Beijing."[173][166]
However, back in March 2022, Bytedance and Oracle negotiated Oracle to take over TikTok's US data storage. After BuzzFeed said China-based employees may have access to US private data, TikTok responded that all US private data are being stored in Oracle's servers.[174] In June 2022, TikTok said that it was moving all of the data produced by its American users through servers controlled by Oracle and it will not expose the personal information of Americans to the Chinese government.[175]
Indonesia
TikTok has been intermittently blocked in Indonesia on different bases.[176][177]
Pakistan
On 11 October 2020, Pakistan became the next country to ban the social media platform after not complying with issues regarding the content on the platform brought up by their government.[178] TikTok representatives have spoken with Pakistani officials in hopes of building better relations and allowing the people of Pakistan to create on the platform.[178]
Afghanistan
In April 2022, a spokesman for the Taliban government stated that the app will be banned for 'misleading the younger generation' and that TikTok's content was 'not consistent with Islamic laws'.[179]
Controversies
Addiction concerns
There are concerns that some users may find it hard to stop using TikTok.[180] In April 2018, an addiction-reduction feature was added to Douyin.[180] This encouraged users to take a break every 90 minutes.[180] Later in 2018, the feature was rolled out to the TikTok app. TikTok uses some top influencers such as Gabe Erwin, Alan Chikin Chow, James Henry, and Cosette Rinab to encourage viewers to stop using the app and take a break.[181]
Many were also concerned with the app affecting users' attention spans due to the short-form nature of the content. This is a concern as many of TikTok's audience are younger children, whose brains are still developing.[182] TikTok executives & representatives have noted and made aware to advertisers on the platform that users have poor attention spans. With a large amount of video content, nearly 50% of users find it stressful to watch a video longer than a minute and a third of users watch videos at double speed.[101]
In June 2022, TikTok introduced the ability to set a maximum uninterrupted screen time allowance, after which the app blocks off the ability to navigate the feed. The block only lifts after the app is exited and left unused for a set period of time. Additionally, the app features a dashboard with statistics on how often the app is opened, how much time is spent browsing it and when the browsing occurs.[183]
Content concerns
Some countries have shown concerns regarding the content on TikTok, as their cultures view it as obscene, immoral, vulgar, and encouraging pornography. There have been temporary blocks and warnings issued by countries including Indonesia,[176]Bangladesh,[177]India,[184] and Pakistan[185][186] over the content concerns. In 2018, Douyin was reprimanded by Chinese media watchdogs for showing "unacceptable" content.[187]
On 27 July 2020, Egypt sentenced five women to two years in prison over TikTok videos. One of the women had encouraged other women to try and earn money on the platform, another woman was sent to prison for dancing. The court also imposed a fine of 300,000 Egyptian pounds (UK£14,600) on each defendant.[188]
Concerns have been voiced regarding content relating to, and the promotion and spreading of, hateful words and far-right extremism, such as anti-semitism, racism, and xenophobia. Some videos were shown to expressly deny the existence of the Holocaust and told viewers to take up arms and fight in the name of white supremacy and the swastika.[189] As TikTok has gained popularity among young children,[190] and the popularity of extremist and hateful content is growing, calls for tighter restrictions on their flexible boundaries have been made. TikTok has since released tougher parental controls to filter out inappropriate content and to ensure they can provide sufficient protection and security.[191]
A viral TikTok trend known as "devious licks" involves students vandalizing or stealing school property and posting videos of the action on the platform. The trend has led to increasing school vandalism and subsequent measures taken by some schools to prevent damage. Some students have been arrested for participating in the trend.[192][193] TikTok has taken measures to remove and prevent access to content displaying the trend.[194]
The Wall Street Journal has reported that doctors experienced a surge in reported cases of tics, tied to an increasing number of TikTok videos from content creators with Tourette syndrome. Doctors suggested that the cause may be a social one as users who consumed content showcasing various tics would sometimes develop tics of their own.[195]
In March 2022, the Washington Post reported that Facebook owner Meta Platforms had paid Targeted Victory—a consulting firm backed by supporters of the U.S. Republican Party—to coordinate lobbying and media campaigns against TikTok to portray it as "a danger to American children and society", primarily to counter criticism of Facebook's own services. This included op-eds and letters to the editor in regional publications, the amplification of "dubious local news stories citing TikTok as the origin of dangerous teen trends" (such as the aforementioned "devious licks", and an alleged "Slap a Teacher" challenge), including those whose initial development actually began on Facebook, and the similar promotion of "proactive coverage" of Facebook corporate initiatives.[196]
Racial bias
Numerous examples of White TikTokers appropriating content that was created initially by Black content creators have been noted on the platform. In June 2021, the New York Times published an investigation into the practice as part of the Hulu documentary, Who Gets to be an Influencer?[197]
In July 2021, after Megan Thee Stallion released "Thot Shit," there was a general strike by Black TikTokers who refused to make dances to it as they normally would, in protest of the inequity of compensation for Black creators and white creators who appropriated the Black creators' content.[198]
Misinformation
See also: COVID-19 misinformation
In January 2020, left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters for America said that TikTok hosted misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic despite a recent policy against misinformation.[199] In April 2020, the government of India asked TikTok to remove users posting misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[200] There were also multiple conspiracy theories that the government is involved with the spread of the pandemic.[201] As a response to this, TikTok launched a feature to report content for misinformation.[202]
To combat misinformation in the 2022 midterm election in the US, TikTok announced a midterms Elections Center available in-app to users in 40 different languages. TikTok partnered with the National Association of Secretaries of State to give accurate local information to users.[203]
Misinformation when searching on TikTok
Based on NewsGuard's Misinformation Monitor published in September 2022, the search feature on TikTok surfaces misinformation in 20% of the cases. The fact-checking organisation analyzed 540 videos and found 105 to contain "false or misleading claims."[204] The questionable videos included harmful misleading information about various topics, including homemade recipes for hydroxychloroquine and abortion, 2020 US election integrity and the death toll of the war in Ukraine.
Content censorship and moderation by the platform
Main article: Censorship on TikTok
TikTok's censorship policy has been criticized as non-transparent.[205] Criticism of leaders such as Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi[206] and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[207] has been suppressed by the platform, as well as information relating to the Xinjiang internment camps and the Uyghur genocide.[208][209] Internal documents have revealed that moderators suppress posts created by users deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled" for the platform, and censor political speech on livestreams.[210][211][212] TikTok moderators have also blocked content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBT people.[207][213]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TikTok banned new Russian posts and livestreams.[214][215][216] However, a study by Tracking Exposed found out that TikTok had blocked all non-Russian content but has continued to host old videos uploaded by Russia-based accounts and permitted Russian state media to continue posting, described as establishing a "splinternet" within a global social media platform.[217] TikTok's vague censorship has permitted pro-Kremlin news but blocked foreign accounts and critics of the war, as a result "Russians are left with a frozen TikTok, dominated by pro-war content".[218][219]
ISIL propaganda
Main article: Use of social media by the Islamic State
In October 2019, TikTok removed about two dozen accounts that were responsible for posting ISIL propaganda on the app.[220][221]
User privacy concerns
Privacy concerns have also been brought up regarding the app.[222][223] In its privacy policy, TikTok lists that it collects usage information, IP addresses, a user's mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data.[224][225] Web developers Talal Haj Bakry and Tommy Mysk said that allowing videos and other content to be shared by the app's users through HTTP puts the users' data privacy at risk.[226]
In January 2020, Check Point Research discovered a security flaw in TikTok which could have allowed hackers access to user accounts using SMS.[227] In February, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman criticised the app, calling it "spyware," and stating "I look at that app as so fundamentally parasitic, that it's always listening, the fingerprinting technology they use is truly terrifying, and I could not bring myself to install an app like that on my phone."[228][229] Responding to Huffman's comments, TikTok stated, "These are baseless accusations made without a shred of evidence."[224]Wells Fargo banned the app from its devices due to privacy and security concerns.[230]
In May 2020, the Dutch Data Protection Authority announced an investigation into TikTok in relation to privacy protections for children.[231][232] In June 2020, the European Data Protection Board announced that it would assemble a task force to examine TikTok's user privacy and security practices.[233]
In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok tracked Android user data, including MAC addresses and IMEIs, with a tactic in violation of Google's policies.[234][235] The report sparked calls in the U.S. Senate for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to launch an investigation.[236]
In June 2021, TikTok updated its privacy policy to include a collection of biometric data, including "faceprints and voiceprints."[237] Some experts reacted by calling the terms of collection and data use "vague" and "highly problematic."[238] The same month, CNBC reported that former employees had stated that "the boundaries between TikTok and ByteDance were so blurry as to be almost non-existent" and that "ByteDance employees are able to access U.S. user data" on TikTok.[239]
In October 2021, following the Facebook Files and controversies about social media ethics, a bipartisan group of lawmakers also pressed TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat on questions of data privacy and moderation for age-appropriate content. The New York Times reported, "Lawmakers also hammered [head of U.S. policy at TikTok] Mr. Beckerman about whether TikTok’s Chinese ownership could expose consumer data to Beijing," stating that "Critics have long argued that the company would be obligated to turn Americans’ data over to the Chinese government if asked."[240] TikTok told U.S. lawmakers it does not give information to China's government. TikTok's representative stated that TikTok's data is stored in the U.S. with backups in Singapore. According to the company's representative, TikTok had 'no affiliation' with the subsidiary Beijing ByteDance Technology, in which the Chinese government has a minority stake and board seat.[241]
In June 2022, BuzzFeed News reported that leaked audio recordings of internal TikTok meetings revealed that certain China-based employees of the company maintain full access to overseas data.[242][243]
In August 2022, Software engineer and security researcher Felix Krause found that the TikTok software contained keylogger functionality.[244]
In September 2022, during testimony to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, TikTok's COO stated that the company could not commit to stopping data transfers from US users to China. The COO reacted to concerns of the company's handling of user data by stating that TikTok does not operate in China, though the company does have an office there.[245]
U.S. COPPA fines
See also: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
On 27 February 2019, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) fined ByteDance U.S.$5.7 million for collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act.[246] ByteDance responded by adding a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on others' videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[247] In May 2020, an advocacy group filed a complaint with the FTC saying that TikTok had violated the terms of the February 2019 consent decree, which sparked subsequent Congressional calls for a renewed FTC investigation.[248][249][250][251] In July 2020, it was reported that the FTC and the United States Department of Justice had initiated investigations.[252]
UK Information Commissioner's Office investigation
In February 2019, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office launched an investigation of TikTok following the fine ByteDance received from the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Speaking to a parliamentary committee, Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said that the investigation focuses on the issues of private data collection, the kind of videos collected and shared by children online, as well as the platform's open messaging system which allows any adult to message any child. She noted that the company was potentially violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which requires the company to provide different services and different protections for children.[253]
Italian Data Protection Authority
On 22 January 2021, the Italian Data Protection Authority ordered the blocking of the use of the data of users whose age has not been established on the social network.[254][255] The order was issued after the death of a 10-year-old Sicilian girl, which occurred after the execution of a challenge shared by users of the platform that involved attempting to choke the user with a belt around the neck. The block is set to remain in place until 15 February, when it will be re-evaluated.[256][needs update]
Ireland Data Protection Commission
In September 2021, the Ireland Data Protection Commissioner opened investigations into TikTok concerning the protection of minors' data and transfers of personal data to China.[257][258]
Texas Attorney General investigation
In February 2022, the incumbent Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, initiated an investigation into TikTok for alleged violations of children's privacy and facilitation of human trafficking.[259][260] Paxton claimed that the Texas Department of Public Safety gathered several pieces of content showing the attempted recruitment of teenagers to smuggle people or goods across the Mexico–United States border. He claimed the evidence may prove the company's involvement in "human smuggling, sex trafficking and drug trafficking." The company claimed that no illegal activity of any kind is supported on the platform.[261]
Cyberbullying
As with other platforms,[262] journalists in several countries have raised privacy concerns about the app because it is popular with children and has the potential to be used by sexual predators.[262][263][264][265]
Several users have reported endemic cyberbullying on TikTok,[266][267] including racism[268] and ableism.[269][270][271] In December 2019, following a report by German digital rights group Netzpolitik.org, TikTok admitted that it had suppressed videos by disabled users as well as LGBTQ+ users in a purported effort to limit cyberbullying.[272][210] TikTok's moderators were also told to suppress users with "abnormal body shape," "ugly facial looks," "too many wrinkles," or in "slums, rural fields" and "dilapidated housing" to prevent bullying.[273]
In 2021, the platform revealed that it will be introducing a feature that will prevent teenagers from receiving notifications past their bedtime. The company will no longer send push notifications after 9 PM to users aged between 13 and 15. For 16 to 17 year olds, notifications will not be sent after 10 PM.[274]
Microtransactions
TikTok has received criticism for enabling children to purchase coins which they can send to other users.[275]
Impact on mental health
In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that "Mental-health professionals around the country are growing increasingly concerned about the effects on teen girls of posting sexualized TikTok videos."[276] In March 2022, a coalition of U.S. state attorneys general launched an investigation into TikTok's effect on children's mental health.[277]
Workplace conditions
Several former employees of the company have claimed of poor workplace conditions, including the start of the workweek on Sunday to cooperate with Chinese timezones and excessive workload. Employees claimed they averaged 85 hours of meetings per week and would frequently stay up all night in order to complete tasks. Some employees claimed the workplace's schedule operated similarly to the 996 schedule. The company has a stated policy of working from 10 AM to 7 PM five days per week (63 hours per week), but employees noted that it was encouraged for employees to work after hours. One female worker complained that the company did not allow her adequate time to change her feminine hygiene product because of back-to-back meetings. Another employee noted that working at the company caused her to seek marriage therapy and lose an unhealthy amount of weight.[278] In response to the allegations, the company noted that they were committed to allowing employees "support and flexibility."[279][280]
Legal issues
Tencent lawsuits
Tencent's WeChat platform has been accused of blocking Douyin's videos.[281][282] In April 2018, Douyin sued Tencent and accused it of spreading false and damaging information on its WeChat platform, demanding CN¥1 million in compensation and an apology. In June 2018, Tencent filed a lawsuit against Toutiao and Douyin in a Beijing court, alleging they had repeatedly defamed Tencent with negative news and damaged its reputation, seeking a nominal sum of CN¥1 in compensation and a public apology.[283] In response, Toutiao filed a complaint the following day against Tencent for allegedly unfair competition and asking for CN¥90 million in economic losses.[284]
Data transfer class action lawsuit
In November 2019, a class action lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok transferred personally identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Tencent and Alibaba.[285][286][287] The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of taking user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but said she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometrics) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent to Chinese tech giant Baidu.[288] In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.[289] In February 2021, TikTok agreed to pay $92 million to settle the class action lawsuit.[290]
Voice actor lawsuit
In May 2021, Canadian voice actor Bev Standing filed a lawsuit against TikTok over the use of her voice in the text-to-speech feature without her permission. The lawsuit was filed in the Southern District of New York. TikTok declined to comment. Standing believes that TikTok used recordings she made for the Chinese government-run Institute of Acoustics.[291] The voice used in the feature was subsequently changed.[292]
Market Information Research Foundation lawsuit
In June 2021, the Netherlands-based Market Information Research Foundation (SOMI) filed a €1.4 billion lawsuit on behalf of Dutch parents against TikTok, alleging that the app gathers data on children without adequate permission.[293]
Blackout Challenge lawsuits
Multiple lawsuits have been filed against TikTok, accusing the platform of hosting content that led to the death of at least seven children. The lawsuits claim that children died after attempting the Blackout Challenge - a TikTok trend that involves strangling someone until they black out. TikTok stated that search queries for the challenge do not show any results, linking instead to protective resources, while the parents of two of the deceased argued that the content showed up on their children's TikTok feeds, without them searching for it.[294]
See also
References
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- ^Carman, Ashley (29 April 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"2020年春季报告：抖音用户规模达5.18亿人次，女性用户占比57%" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^Ahmad, Asif Shahzad, Jibran (11 March 2021). "Pakistan to block social media app TikTok over 'indecency' complaint". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^"The Fastest Growing Brands of 2020". Morning Consult. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^"TikTok surpasses Google as most popular website of the year, new data suggests". NBC News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^"The App That Launched a Thousand Memes Sixth Tone". Sixth Tone. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^"Is Douyin the Right Social Video Platform for Luxury Brands? Jing Daily". Jing Daily. 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 2019 Download
Monkey’s Audio is part of these download collections: APE Players, Open APE, APE Makers. The software application carries out compression jobs swiftly and delivers very good results concerning compression ratio and sound quality. No error dialogs popped up in our tests, and the tool didn’t hang or crash. It’s possible to compress .wav tracks at a preferred speed (fast, normal, high, high, extra high, insane), decompress .ape files, check file integrity via CRC checksum, as well as convert a compressed files between various compression formats: .ape, .shn (Shorten), .wv (Wavpack), .rka (Rkau), .mp3 (LAME), .mp+ (Mp+ decoder) and .ogg. Lastly, the software application lets you create, edit or remove tags for .ape and .mp3 files.
(think of it as a beefed-up Winzip™ for your music) The other great thing is that you can always decompress your Monkey’s Audio files back to the exact, original files. The file list shows the name, extension, original and compressed size, time and status, along with the reduced size (in percentage) for each processed file. contemporary, classical music, audiobooks, home movies, tv, videos, etc).It looks up and tags Album Art and data via Freedb and the web, includes an automatic renamer to rename and organize files, and a playlist manager to arrange your mixes. Usa la pratica mappa per raggiungerci, magari approfittando dei coupon o dopo aver dato unocchiata agli eventi in programma.
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Download Features
- Efficient (fast and great compression) – monkey's audio is highly optimized and highly efficient.
- Perfect sound – absolutely no quality loss, meaning it sounds perfect and decompresses perfect (it's lossless!
- Media center, winamp, and more support – supported by many popular players and rippers.
- Easy – the windows environment interface is both powerful and easy to use
- Error detection – monkey's audio incorporates redundant crc's to ensure proper decompression of data (errors never go unnoticed).
- External coder support – you can use monkey's audio as a front-end for all of your encoding needs.
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Download 2019
Name Specification Category Business Software Downloads 0 User Rating 4.1/5 Developer Overcapital S.p.A.: License Activation Crack Language Multi-language Os iOS Version 5.18 Updated 02/07/2020 Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Portable Video Preview
Changelog for Monkey's Audio 5.18 Crack:
- iTunes DB import doesn’t import last played date
- DB fails to initialize / update in some cases
- New timestamped certificate for 2020
How To Crack Monkey's Audio Serial:
- Uninstall the previous version with IObit Uninstaller
- Download and extract the files (you may need to IDM or WinRAR)
- Install the installation file and then install it close!
- Use the given patch to activate
- Now run the program
- To enjoy!
Links for Monkey's Audio Activation:
Related
- ^"TIKTOK'S RISE TO GLOBAL MARKETS 1". Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^Graziani, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, Thomas (30 July 2018). "How Douyin became China's top short-video App in 500 days". WalktheChat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"8 Lessons from the rise of Douyin (Tik Tok) · TechNode". TechNode. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"Tik Tok, a Global Music Video Platform and Social Network, Launches in Indonesia", debut video capture 5.18 registration code. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^"Tik Tok, Global Short Video Community launched in Thailand with the latest AI feature, GAGA Dance Machine The very first short video app with a new function based on AI technology". thailand.shafaqna.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^Carman, Ashley (29 April 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^Doyle, Brandon (6 October 2020). "TikTok Statistics - Everything You Need disk snapshot de Know [Sept 2020 Update]". Wallaroo Media. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^Yurieff, Kaya (21 November 2018). "TikTok is the latest social network sensation". Cnn.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019.
- ^Alexander, Julia (15 November 2018). "TikTok surges past 6M downloads in the US as celebrities join the app". The Verge. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^Spangler, Todd (20 November 2018). "TikTok App Nears 80 Million U.S. Downloads After Phasing Out Musical.ly, Lands Jimmy Fallon as Fan". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"A-Rod & J.Lo, Reese Witherspoon and the Rest of the A-List Celebs You Should Be Following on TikTok". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^"The NFL joins TikTok in multi-year partnership". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^"50 TikTok Stats That Will Blow Your Mind in 2020 [UPDATED ]". Influencer Marketing Hub. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"TikTok Names ByteDance CFO Shou Zi Chew as New CEO". NDTV Gadgets 360. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^"TikTok CEO Kevin Mayer quits after 4 months". Fortune (magazine). Bloomberg News. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^Zeitchik, Steven (18 May 2020). "In surprise move, a top Disney executive will run TikTok". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^"Australian appointed interim chief executive of TikTok". ABC News. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^Robertson, Adi (3 August 2020). "Trump threatens that TikTok will "close down" on September 15th unless an American company buys it". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^Singh, Maanvi (6 August 2020). "Trump bans US transactions with Chinese-owned TikTok and WeChat". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^"Commerce Department Prohibits WeChat and TikTok Transactions to Protect the National Security of the United Debut video capture 5.18 registration code. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ abArbel, Tali (6 August 2020). "Trump bans dealings with Chinese owners of TikTok, WeChat". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^Fung, Brian. "Trump says he has approved a deal for TikTok". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^Wells, Andrew Restuccia, John D. McKinnon and Georgia (20 September 2020). "Trump Signs Off on TikTok Deal With Oracle, Walmart". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020, debut video capture 5.18 registration code. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
- ^Swanson, Ana; McCabe, David; Griffith, Erin (19 September 2020). "Trump Approves Deal Between Oracle and TikTok". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^TikTok ban: Judge rules app won't be blocked in the US, for nowArchived 2 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine; CNN by way of MSN; published 28 September 2020; accessed 7 February 2021
- ^McKinnon, John; Leary, Alex (9 June 2021). "Trump's TikTok, WeChat Actions Targeting China Revoked by Biden". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
- ^Doval, Pankaj (30 June 2020). "TikTok, UC Browser among 59 Chinese apps blocked as threat to sovereignty". The Times debut video capture 5.18 registration code India. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020.
- ^Charles Riley. "Pakistan reverses TikTok ban after 10 days". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^Kastrenakes, Jacob (9 October 2020). "Pakistan bans TikTok for "immoral" and "indecent" videos". The Verge. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"Pakistan bans TikTok for allowing 'immoral and indecent' content". Android Police. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^Lyons, Kim (27 September 2021). "TikTok says it has passed 1 billion users". The Verge. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^"The all-conquering quaver". The Economist. 9 July 2022.
- ^Lin, Liza; Winkler, Rolfe (9 November 2017), debut video capture 5.18 registration code. "Social-Media App Musical.ly Is Acquired for as Much as $1 Billion". wsj.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^Lee, Dami (2 August 2018). "The popular Musical.ly app has been rebranded as TikTok". Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^"Musical.ly Is Going Away: Users to Be Shifted to Bytedance's TikTok Video App". msn.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^Kundu, Kishalaya (2 August 2018). "Musical.ly App To Be Shut Down, Users Will Be Migrated to TikTok". Beebom. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^"Chinese video sharing app boasts 500 mln monthly active users". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^"Why China's Viral Video App Douyin is No Good for Luxury Jing Daily". Jing Daily. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^Chen, Qian (19 September 2018). "The biggest trend in Chinese social media is dying, and another has already taken its place". CNBC. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^"Tik Tok, a Global Music Video Platform and Social Network, Launches in Indonesia-PR Newswire APAC". en.prnasia.com
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 2019 Download
Monkey’s Audio is part of these download collections: APE Players, Open APE, APE Makers. The software application carries out compression jobs swiftly and delivers very good results concerning compression ratio and sound quality. No error dialogs popped up in our tests, and the tool didn’t hang or crash. It’s possible to compress .wav tracks at a preferred speed (fast, normal, high, high, extra high, insane), decompress .ape files, check file integrity via CRC checksum, as well as convert a compressed files between various compression formats: .ape. shn (Shorten). wv (Wavpack). rka (Rkau). mp3 (LAME). mp+ (Mp+ decoder) and .ogg. Lastly, the software application lets you create, edit or remove tags for .ape and .mp3 files.
(think of it as a beefed-up Winzip™ for your music) The other great thing is that you can always decompress your Monkey’s Audio files back to the exact, original files. The file list shows the name, extension, original and compressed size, time and status, along with the reduced size (in percentage) for each processed file. contemporary, classical music, audiobooks, home movies, tv, videos, etc).It looks up and tags Album Art and data via Freedb and the web, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, includes an automatic renamer to rename and organize files, and a playlist manager to arrange your mixes. Usa la pratica mappa per raggiungerci, magari approfittando dei coupon o dopo aver dato unocchiata agli eventi in programma.
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Download Features
- Efficient (fast and great compression) – monkey's audio is highly optimized and highly efficient.
- Perfect sound – absolutely no quality loss, meaning it sounds perfect and decompresses perfect (it's lossless!
- Media center, winamp, and more support – supported by many popular players and rippers.
- Easy – the windows environment interface is both powerful and easy to use
- Error detection – monkey's audio incorporates redundant crc's to ensure proper decompression of data (errors never go unnoticed).
- External coder support – you can use monkey's audio as a front-end for all of your encoding needs.
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Download 2019
| Name | Specification |
|---|---|
| Category | Business Software |
| Downloads | 0 |
| User Rating | 4.1/5 |
| Developer | Overcapital S.p.A.: |
| License | Activation Crack |
| Language | Multi-language |
| Os | iOS |
| Version | 5.18 |
| Updated | 02/07/2020 |
Monkey’s Audio 5.18 Portable Video Preview
Changelog for Monkey's Audio 5.18 Crack:
- iTunes DB import doesn’t import last played date
- DB fails to initialize / update in some cases
- New timestamped certificate for 2020
How To Crack Monkey's Audio Serial:
- Uninstall the previous version with IObit Uninstaller
- Download and extract the files (you may need to IDM or WinRAR)
- Install the installation file and then install it close!
- Use the given patch to activate
- Now run the program
- To enjoy!
Links for Monkey's Audio Activation:
Related
TikTok
Chinese video-focused social network
For the film, see TikTok (film). For the song by American singer Kesha, see Tik Tok (song). For other uses, see Tick tock (disambiguation).
TikTok, known in China as Douyin (Chinese: 抖音; pinyin: Dǒuyīn), is a short-form videohosting service owned by Chinese company ByteDance.[2] It hosts a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like pranks, stunts, tricks, jokes, dance, and entertainment[3][4] with durations from Photoscape X Pro 4.2.1 Crack + Keygen Key Free Download 2021 seconds to ten minutes.[5][6][7][8] TikTok is an international version of Douyin, which was originally released in the Chinese market in September 2016.[9] TikTok was launched in 2017 for iOS and Android in most markets outside of mainland China; however, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, it became available worldwide only after merging with another Chinese social media service, Musical.ly, on 2 August 2018.
TikTok and Douyin have almost the same user interface but no access to each other's content. Their servers are each based in the market where the respective app debut video capture 5.18 registration code available.[10] The two products are similar, but their features are not identical. Douyin includes an in-video search feature that can search by people's faces for more videos of them and other features such as buying, booking hotels and making geo-tagged reviews.[11] Since their launch in 2016, TikTok and Douyin rapidly gained popularity in virtually all parts of the world.[12][13] TikTok surpassed 2 billion mobile downloads worldwide in October 2020.[14][15][16]
Morning Consult ranked TikTok as the third fastest growing brand of 2020, after only Zoom and Peacock.[17]Cloudflare ranked TikTok as the most popular website of 2021, surpassing Google.[18]
TikTok has been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction, as well as controversies over inappropriate content, misinformation, censorship and moderation, and user privacy.
History
Evolution
Douyin was launched by ByteDance in Beijing, China in September 2016, originally under the name A.me, before rebranding to Douyin (抖音) in December 2016.[19][20] ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, Zhang Yiming, stated that "China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don’t expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must."[21] Douyin was developed in 200 days and within a year had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos viewed every day.[22][23]
The app was launched as TikTok in the international market in September 2017.[24] On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked first among free application downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.[25]
TikTok has been downloaded more than 130 million times in the United States and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide,[26][27] according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower (those numbers exclude Android users in China).[28]
In the United States, celebrities, including Jimmy Fallon and Tony Hawk, began using the app in 2018.[29][30] Other celebrities, including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok as well and many other celebrities have followed.[31]
On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership.[32] The agreement occurred just two days before the NFL's 100th season kick-off at Soldier Field, where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account, debut video capture 5.18 registration code is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges. In July 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, reported close to 800 million monthly active users worldwide after less than four years of existence.[33]
In May 2021, TikTok appointed Shou Zi Chew as their new CEO[34] who assumed the position from interim CEO Vanessa Pappas, following the resignation of Kevin A. Mayer on 27 August 2020.[35][36][37] On 3 August 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to ban TikTok in the United States on 15 September if negotiations for the company to be bought by Microsoft or a different "very American" company failed.[38] On 6 August, Trump signed two executive orders banning U.S. "transactions" with TikTok and WeChat to its respective parent companies ByteDance and Tencent, set to take effect 45 days after the signing.[39] A planned ban of the app on 20 September 2020[40][41] was postponed by a week and then blocked by a federal judge.[42][43][44][45] President Biden revoked the ban in a new executive order in June 2021.[46] The app has been banned by the government of India since June 2020 along with 223 other Chinese apps in view of privacy concerns.[47]Pakistan banned TikTok citing "immoral" and "indecent" videos on 9 October 2020 but reversed its ban ten days later.[48][49][50] In March 2021, a Pakistani court ordered a new TikTok ban due to complaints over "indecent" content.
In September 2021, TikTok reported that it had reached 1 billion users.[51] In 2021, TikTok earned $4 billion in advertising revenue.[52]
Musical.ly merger
Further information: Musical.ly
On 9 November 2017, TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, spent up to the U.S. $1 billion to purchase musical.ly, a startup headquartered in Shanghai with an overseas office in Santa Monica, California, U.S.[53] Musical.ly was a social media video platform that allowed users to create short lip-sync and comedy videos, initially released in August 2014. It was well known, especially to the younger audience. Looking forward to debut video capture 5.18 registration code the U.S. digital platform's young user base, TikTok merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018 to create a larger video community, with existing accounts and data consolidated into one app, keeping the title TikTok.[55] This ended musical.ly and made TikTok a worldwide app, excluding China, since China already has Douyin.[56][57]
Expansion in other markets
As of 2018, TikTok was available in more than 150 markets, and in 75 languages.[58][59] TikTok was downloaded more than 104 million times on Apple'sApp Store during the full first half of 2018, according to data provided to CNBC by Sensor Tower.[60]
After merging with musical.ly in August, downloads increased and TikTok became the most downloaded app in the U.S. in October 2018, which musical.ly had done once before.[61][62] In February 2019, TikTok, together with Douyin, hit one billion downloads globally, excluding Android installs in China.[63] In 2019, media outlets cited TikTok as the 7th-most-downloaded mobile app of the decade, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, from 2010 to 2019.[64] It was also the most-downloaded app on Apple's App Store in 2018 and 2019, surpassing Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.[65][66] In September 2020, a deal was confirmed between ByteDance and Oracle in which the latter will serve as a partner to provide cloud hosting.[67][68]Walmart intends to invest in TikTok.[69] This deal would stall in 2021 as newly elected President Biden's Justice Department put a hold on the previous U.S. ban under President Trump.[70][71][72] In November 2020, TikTok signed a licensing deal with Sony Music.[73] In December 2020, Warner Music Group signed a licensing deal with TikTok.[74][75][76] In April 2021, Abu Dhabi's Department of Culture and Tourism partnered with TikTok to promote tourism.[77] It came following the January 2021 winter campaign, initiated through a partnership between the UAE Government Media Office partnered and TikTok to promote the country's tourism.[78]
Since 2014, the first non-gaming apps[79] with more than 3 billion downloads were Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger; all of these apps belong to Meta. TikTok was the first non-Facebook app to reach that figure. App market research firm Sensor Tower reported that although TikTok had been banned in India, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, debut video capture 5.18 registration code largest market, in June 2020, downloads in the rest of the world continue to increase, reaching 3 billion downloads in 2021.[80]
Features
The TikTok mobile app allows users to create short videos, which often feature music in the background and can be sped up, slowed down, or edited with a filter.[81] They can also add their own sound on top of the background music. To create a music video with the app, users can choose background music from a wide variety of music genres, edit with a filter and record a 15-second video with speed adjustments before uploading it to share with others on TikTok or other social platforms.[82] They can also film short lip-sync videos to popular songs.
The "For You" page on TikTok is a feed of videos that are recommended to users based on their activity on the app. Content is generated by TikTok's artificial intelligence (AI) depending on the content a user liked, interacted with, or searched. This is in contrast to other social networks' algorithms basing such content off of the user's relationships with other users and what they liked or interacted with.[83]
The app's "react" feature allows users to film their reaction to a specific video, over which it is placed in a small window that is movable around the screen.[84] Its "duet" feature allows users to film a video aside from another video.[85] The "duet" feature was another trademark of musical.ly. The duet feature is also only able to be used if both parties adjust the privacy settings.[86]
Videos that users do not want to post yet can be stored in their "drafts." The user is allowed to see their "drafts" and post when they find it fitting.[87] The app allows users to set their accounts as "private." When first downloading the app, the user's account is public by default. The user can change to private in their settings. Private content remains visible to TikTok but is blocked from TikTok users who the account holder has not authorized to view their content.[88] Users can choose whether any other user, or only their "friends," may interact with them through the app via comments, messages, or "react" or "duet" videos.[84] Users also can set specific videos to either "public," "friends only," or "private" regardless if the account is private or not.[88]
Users can also send professional video editing software free download friends videos, emojis, and messages with direct messaging. TikTok has also included a feature to create a video based on the user's comments. Influencers often use the "live" feature. This feature is only available for debut video capture 5.18 registration code who have at least 1,000 followers and are over 16 years old. If over 18, the user's followers can send virtual "gifts" that can be later exchanged for money.[89][90]
One of the newest features as of 2020 is the "Virtual Items" of "Small Gestures" feature. This is based on China's big practice of social gifting. Since this feature was added, many beauty companies and brands created a TikTok account to participate in and advertise this feature. With COVID-19 lockdown in the United States, social gifting has grown in popularity. According to a TikTok representative, the campaign was launched as a result of the lockdown, "to build a sense of support and encouragement with the TikTok community during these tough times."[91]
TikTok announced a "family safety mode" in February 2020 for parents to be able to control their children's digital well-being. There is a screen time management option, restricted mode, and can put a limit on direct messages.[92][93]
The app expanded its parental controls feature called "Family Pairing" in September 2020 to provide parents and guardians with educational resources to understand what children on TikTok are exposed to. Content for the feature was created in partnership with online safety nonprofit, Internet Matters.[94]
In October 2021, TikTok launched a test feature that allows users to directly tip certain creators. Accounts of users that are debut video capture 5.18 registration code age, have at least 100,000 followers and agree to the terms can activate a "Tip" button on their profile, which allows followers to tip any amount, starting from $1.[95]
In December 2021, TikTok started beta-testing Live Studio, a streaming software that would let users broadcast applications open on their computers, including games. The software also launched with support for mobile and PC streaming.[96] However, a few debut video capture 5.18 registration code later, users on Twitter discovered that the software allegedly uses code from the open-source OBS Studio. OBS made a statement saying that, under the GNU GPL version 2, TikTok has to make the code of Live Studio publicly available if it wants to use any code from OBS.[97]
In May 2022, TikTok announced TikTok Pulse, an ad revenue-sharing program. It covers the "top 4% of all videos on TikTok" and is only debut video capture 5.18 registration code to creators with more than 100,000 followers. If an eligible creator's video reaches the top 4%, they will receive a 50% share of the revenue from ads displayed with the video.[98]
Content and usage
Demographics
See also: List of most-followed TikTok accounts
TikTok tends to appeal to younger users, as 41% of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24. Among these TikTok users, 90% say they use the app daily.[99] TikTok's geographical use has shown that 43% of new users are from India.[100] As of the first quarter of 2022, there were over 100 million monthly active users in the United States and 23 million in the UK. The average user, daily, was spending 1 hour and 25 minutes on the app and opening TikTok 17 times.[101]
Viral trends
Further information: TikTok food trends
A variety of trends have risen within TikTok, including memes, lip-synced songs, and comedy videos. Duets, a feature that allows users to add their own video to an existing video with the original content's audio, have sparked many of these trends.
Trends are shown on TikTok's explore page or the page with the search logo. The page enlists the trending hashtags and challenges among the app. Some include #posechallenge, #filterswitch, #dontjudgemechallenge, #homedecor, #hitormiss, #bottlecapchallenge and more. In June 2019, the company introduced the hashtag #EduTok which received 37 billion views. Following this development, the company initiated partnerships with edtech startups to create educational content on the platform.[102]
The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[103] Many stars got their start on musical.ly, which merged with TikTok on 2 August 2018. These users include Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Kristen Hancher, Zach King, Lisa and Lena, Jacob Sartorius, and many others. Loren Gray remained the most-followed individual on TikTok until Charli D’Amelio surpassed her on 25 March 2020. Gray's was the first TikTok account to reach 40 million followers on the platform. She was surpassed with 41.3 million followers. D'Amelio was the first to ever reach 50, 60, and 70 million followers. Charli D’Amelio remained the most-followed individual on the platform until she was surpassed by Khaby Lame on June 23, 2022. Other creators rose to fame after the platform merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018.[104]
One notable TikTok trend is the "hit or miss" meme, which began from a snippet of iLOVEFRiDAY's song "Mia Khalifa." The song has been used in over four million TikTok videos and helped introduce the app to a larger Western audience.[105][106] TikTok also played a major part in making "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X one of the biggest songs of 2019 and the longest-running number-one song in the history of the US Billboard Hot 100.[107][108][109]
TikTok has allowed many music artists to gain a wider audience, often including foreign fans. For example, despite never having toured in Asia, the band Fitz and the Tantrums developed a large following in South Korea following the widespread popularity of their 2016 song "HandClap" on the platform.[110] "Any Song" by R&B and rap artist Zico became number one on the Korean music charts due to the popularity of the #anysongchallenge, where users dance to the choreography of the song.[111] The platform has also launched many songs that failed to garner initial commercial success into sleeper hits, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.[112][113] However, it has received some criticism for not paying royalties to artists whose music is used on the platform.[106] In 2020, more than 176 different songs surpassed one billion video views on TikTok.[114]
In June 2020, TikTok users and K-pop fans "claimed to have registered potentially hundreds of thousands of tickets" for President Trump's campaign rally in Tulsa through communication on TikTok,[115] contributing to "rows of empty seats"[116] at the event. Later, in October 2020, an organization called TikTok for Biden was created to support then-presidential candidate Joe Biden.[117] After the election, the organization was renamed debut video capture 5.18 registration code Gen-Z for Change.[118][119]
TikTok has banned Holocaust denial, but other conspiracy theories have become popular on the platform, such as Pizzagate and QAnon (two conspiracy theories popular among the U.S. alt-right) whose hashtags reached almost 80 million views and 50 million views respectively by June 2020.[120] The platform has also been used to spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as clips from Plandemic.[120] TikTok removed some of these videos and has generally added links to accurate COVID-19 information on videos with tags related to the pandemic.[121]
On 10 August 2020, Emily Jacobssen wrote and sang "Ode To Remy," a song praising the protagonist from Pixar's 2007 computer-animated film named Ratatouille. The song rose to popularity when musician Daniel Mertzlufft composed a backing track to the song. In response, began creating a "crowdsourced" project called Ratatouille The Musical. Since Mertzlufft's video, many new elements including costume design, additional songs, and a playbill have been created.[122] On 1 January 2021, a full one-hour virtual presentation of Ratatouille the Musical premiered on the TodayTix. It starred Titus Burgess as Remy, Wayne Brady as Django, Adam Lambert as Emile, Chamberlin as Gusteau, Andrew Barth Feldman as Linguini, Ashley Park as Colette, Priscilla Lopez as Mabel, Mary Testa as Skinner, and André De Shields as Ego.
Several food trends have emerged on the platform, such as Dalgona coffee.
Another TikTok usage that corresponds with engagement and bonds people in society is the use of "challenges." These could be on any related topic such as dances or cooking certain meals. People see other people doing something that is trending and then it continues to spread until it is a viral trend that connects people from all debut video capture 5.18 registration code TikTok has primarily been used for debut video capture 5.18 registration code purposes, TikTok may soon have another use, that of a job resource with the idea that prospective employment seekers would send in videos rather than traditional resumes. The form would most likely be a job search add-on. TikTok has had favorable results in the past with people using the site to find jobs and may be expanding that need, especially in the newer generations.[124]
Alt TikTok
Around mid-2020, some of the users on the platform started to differentiate between the "alt", "elite", or "deep" side of TikTok, seen as having more alternative and queer users, and the "straight" side of TikTok, seen as the mainstream.[125]Hyperpop music, including artists like 100 Gecs, became widely used on Alt TikTok, complementing the bright and colourful "Indie Kid" aesthetic.[126] Alt TikTok was also accompanied by memes with surrealist or supernatural themes (sometimes being described as cursed), such as videos with heavy saturation and humanoid animals.[127] One of the popular videos from Alt TikTok, gaining 18 million likes, shows a llama dancing to a cover of a song from a Russian commercial by the cereal brand Miel Pops, later becoming a viral audio.[128][129] Some Alt TikTok users personified brands and products in what some referred to as Retail TikTok.[127]
Profile picture cults
Another popular trend on TikTok is a large number of users putting the same image as their profile picture, known as a profile picture cult or a TikTokcult. Popular examples include "The Step Chickens" (started by the user @chunkysdead),[130] "The Hamster Cult" and the "Lana Del Rey Cult".[131]
Influencer marketing
TikTok has provided a platform for users to create content not only for fun but also for money. As the platform has grown significantly over the past few years, it has allowed companies to advertise and rapidly reach their intended demographic through influencer marketing.[132] The platform's AI algorithm also contributes to the influencer marketing potential, as it picks out content according to the user's preference.[133] Sponsored content is not as prevalent on the platform as it is on other social media apps, but brands and influencers still can make as much as they would if not more in comparison to other platforms.[133] Influencers on the platform who earn money through engagement, such as likes and comments, are referred to as "meme machines."[132]
In 2021, The New York Times reported that viral TikTok videos by young people relating the emotional impact of books on them, tagged with the label "BookTok," significantly drove sales of literature. Publishers were increasingly using the platform as a venue for influencer marketing.[134]
Use by businesses
In October 2020, the e-commerce platform Shopify added TikTok to its portfolio of social media platforms, allowing online merchants to sell their products directly to consumers on TikTok.[135]
Some small businesses have used TikTok to advertise and to reach an audience wider than the geographical region they would normally serve. The viral response to many small business TikTok videos has been attributed to TikTok's algorithm, which shows content that viewers at large are drawn to, but which they are unlikely to actively search for (such as videos on unconventional types of businesses, like beekeeping and logging).[136]
In 2020, digital media companies such as Group Nine Media and Global used TikTok increasingly, focusing on tactics such as brokering partnerships with TikTok influencers and developing branded content campaigns.[137] Notable collaborations between larger brands and top TikTok influencers have included Chipotle's partnership with David Dobrik in May 2019[138] and Dunkin' Donuts' partnership with Charli D'Amelio in September 2020.[139]
Collab houses
Popular TikTok users have lived collectively in collab houses, predominantly in the Los Angeles area.[140]
Bans and attempted bans
Iran
Iranians cannot access TikTok because of both TikTok rules and Iranian censorship.[141]
India
The Indian Government banned TikTok along with 58 other mobile apps with Chinese developers or investors, including WeChat, UC Browser and PUBG on 29 June 2020.[142][143] The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released a statement saying the apps were "prejudicial to sovereignty and integrity of India, defence of India, security of state and public order."[144][143] It was extended to 47 other apps which the ministry claimed were clones or variants of the banned apps.[143] The ban on TikTok and the 58 other apps was made permanent in January debut video capture 5.18 registration code In February 2021, TikTok announced that due to the ban it will be forced to lay off over 2,000 employees in India.[146]
Bangladesh
In June 2021, Law and Life Foundation, a human rights organization, issued a legal notice to the Bangladeshi government that sought the prohibition of “dangerous and harmful" applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire, but failed to obtain a response. Soon thereafter, Law and Life Foundation’s lawyers filed a petition with the High Court, sharing the organization’s concerns. In August 2020, the High Court encouraged the Bangladeshi government to prohibit “dangerous and harmful” applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire to “save children and adolescents from moral and social degradation.”[147]
Recently more than 2.6 million videos were removed from Bangladesh, according to its recently released Community Guidelines Report for Q4 2021 (October–December 2021). According to the report, Bangladesh ranked 7th worldwide for the largest volume of videos taken down for Community Guidelines violations between October 1, 2021, to December 30, 2021.[148]
United States
Main article: Donald Trump–TikTok controversy
On 6 August 2020, then U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order[149][150] which would ban TikTok transactions in 45 days if it was not sold by ByteDance. Trump also signed a similar order against the WeChat application owned by the Chinese multinational company Tencent.[151][41]
On 14 August 2020, Trump issued another order[152][153] giving ByteDance 90 days to sell or spin off its U.S. TikTok business.[154] In the order, Trump said that there is "credible evidence" that leads him to believe that ByteDance "might take action that threatens to impair the national security of the United States."[155] Donald Trump was concerned about TikTok being a threat because TikTok's parent company was rumored to be taking United States user data and reporting it back to Chinese operations through the company ByteDance.[156] As of 2021, there is still the fear that TikTok is not protecting the privacy of its users debut video capture 5.18 registration code may be giving their data away.[157]
TikTok considered selling the American portion of its business and held talks with companies including Microsoft, Walmart, and Oracle.[158]
On 18 September, TikTok filed a lawsuit, TikTok v. Trump. On 23 September 2020, TikTok filed a request for a preliminary injunction to prevent the app from being banned by the Trump administration.[159] U.S. judge Carl J. Nichols temporarily blocked the Trump administration order that would effectively ban TikTok from being downloaded in U.S. app stores starting debut video capture 5.18 registration code on 27 September 2020. Nichols allowed the app to remain available in the U.S. app stores but declined to block the additional Commerce Department restrictions that could have a larger impact on TikTok's operations in the U.S. These restrictions were set to take place on 12 November 2020.[160]
Three TikTok influencers filed a lawsuit, Marland v. Trump.[161] On 30 October, Pennsylvania judge Wendy Beetlestone ruled against the Commerce Department, blocking them from restricting TikTok.[161] On 12 November, the Commerce Department stated that it would obey the Debut video capture 5.18 registration code ruling and that it would not try to enforce the restrictions against TikTok that had been scheduled for 12 November.[161]
The Commerce Department appealed the original ruling in TikTok v. Trump. On 7 December, Washington D.C. district court judge Carl J. Nichols issued a preliminary injunction against the Commerce Department, preventing them from imposing restrictions on TikTok.[162][163][164]
In June 2021, new president Joe Biden signed an executive order revoking the Trump administration ban on TikTok, and instead ordered the Secretary of Commerce to investigate the app to determine if it poses a threat to U.S. national security.[165]
In June 2022, reports emerged that ByteDance employees in China could access US data and repeatedly accessed the private information of TikTok users,[166][167][168] TikTok employees were cited saying that "everything is seen in China," while one director claimed a Beijing-based engineer referred to as a "Master Admin" has "access to everything."[166][169][170]
Following the reports, TikTok announced that 100% of its US user traffic is now being routed to Oracle Cloud, along with their intention to delete all US user data from their own data centers.[167][169] This deal stems snapgene license key Activators Patch the debut video capture 5.18 registration code with Oracle instigated in September 2020 in the midst of Trump's threat to ban TikTok in the US.[171][172][170]
In June 2022, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr called for Google and Apple to remove TikTok from their app stores, citing national security concerns, saying TikTok "harvests swaths of sensitive data that new reports show are being accessed in Beijing."[173][166]
However, back in March 2022, Bytedance and Oracle negotiated Debut video capture 5.18 registration code to take over TikTok's US data storage. After BuzzFeed said China-based employees may have access to US private data, TikTok responded that all US private data are being stored in Oracle's servers.[174] In June 2022, TikTok said that it was moving all of the data produced by its American users through servers controlled by Oracle and it will not expose the personal information of Americans to the Chinese government.[175]
Indonesia
TikTok has been intermittently blocked in Indonesia on different bases.[176][177]
Pakistan
On 11 October 2020, Pakistan became the next country to ban the social media platform after not complying with issues regarding the content on the platform brought up by their government.[178] TikTok representatives have spoken with Pakistani officials in hopes of building better relations and allowing the people of Pakistan to create on the platform.[178]
Afghanistan
In April 2022, a spokesman for the Taliban government stated that the app will be banned for 'misleading the younger generation' and that TikTok's content was 'not consistent with Islamic laws'.[179]
Controversies
Addiction concerns
There are concerns that some users may find it hard to stop using TikTok.[180] In April 2018, an addiction-reduction feature was added to Douyin.[180] This encouraged users to take a break every 90 minutes.[180] Later in 2018, the feature was rolled out to the TikTok app. TikTok uses some top influencers such as Gabe Erwin, Alan Chikin Chow, James Henry, and Cosette Rinab to encourage viewers to stop using the app and take a break.[181]
Many were also concerned with the app affecting users' attention spans due to the short-form nature of the content. This is a concern as many of TikTok's audience are younger children, whose brains are still developing.[182] TikTok executives & representatives have noted and made aware to advertisers on the platform that users have poor attention spans. With a large amount of video content, nearly 50% of users find it stressful to watch a video longer than a minute and a third of users watch videos at double speed.[101]
In June 2022, TikTok introduced the ability to set a maximum uninterrupted screen time allowance, after which the app blocks off the ability debut video capture 5.18 registration code navigate the feed. The block only lifts after the app is exited and left unused for a set period of time. Additionally, the app features a dashboard with statistics on how often the app is opened, how much time is spent browsing it and when the browsing occurs.[183]
Content concerns
Some countries have shown concerns regarding the content on TikTok, as their cultures view it as obscene, immoral, vulgar, and encouraging pornography. There have been temporary blocks and warnings issued by countries including Indonesia,[176]Bangladesh,[177]India,[184] and Pakistan[185][186] over the content concerns. In 2018, Douyin was reprimanded by Chinese media watchdogs for showing "unacceptable" content.[187]
On 27 July 2020, Egypt sentenced five women to two years in prison over TikTok videos. One of the women had debut video capture 5.18 registration code other women to try and earn money on the platform, another woman was sent to prison for dancing. The court also imposed a fine of 300,000 Egyptian pounds (UK£14,600) on each defendant.[188]
Concerns have been voiced regarding content relating to, and the promotion and spreading of, hateful words and far-right extremism, such as anti-semitism, racism, and xenophobia. Some videos were shown to expressly deny the existence of the Holocaust and told viewers to take up arms and fight in the name of white supremacy and the swastika.[189] As TikTok has gained debut video capture 5.18 registration code among young children,[190] and the popularity of extremist and hateful content is growing, calls for tighter restrictions on their flexible debut video capture 5.18 registration code have been made. TikTok has since released tougher parental controls to filter out inappropriate content and to ensure debut video capture 5.18 registration code can provide sufficient protection and security.[191]
A viral TikTok trend known as "devious licks" involves students vandalizing or stealing school property and posting videos of the action on the platform. The trend has led to increasing school vandalism and subsequent measures taken by some schools to prevent damage. Some students have been arrested for participating in the trend.[192][193] TikTok has taken measures to remove and prevent access to content displaying the trend.[194]
The Wall Street Journal has reported that doctors experienced a surge in reported cases of tics, tied to an increasing number of TikTok videos from content creators with Tourette syndrome. Doctors suggested that the cause may be a social one as users who consumed content showcasing various tics would sometimes develop tics of their own.[195]
In March 2022, the Washington Post reported that Facebook owner Meta Platforms had paid Targeted Victory—a consulting firm backed by supporters of the U.S. Republican Party—to coordinate lobbying and media campaigns against TikTok to portray aida64 extreme crack Free Activators as "a danger to American children and society", primarily to counter criticism of Facebook's own services. This included op-eds and letters to the editor in regional publications, the amplification of "dubious local news stories citing TikTok as the origin of dangerous teen trends" (such as the aforementioned "devious licks", and an alleged "Slap a Teacher" challenge), including those whose initial development actually began on Facebook, and the similar promotion of "proactive coverage" of Facebook corporate initiatives.[196]
Racial bias
Numerous examples of White TikTokers appropriating content that was created initially by Black content creators have been noted on the platform. In June 2021, the New York Times published an investigation into the practice as part of the Hulu documentary, Who Gets to be an Influencer?[197]
In July 2021, after Megan Thee Stallion released "Thot Shit," there was a general strike by Black TikTokers who refused to make dances to it as they normally would, in protest of the inequity of compensation for Black creators and white creators who appropriated the Black creators' content.[198]
Misinformation
See also: COVID-19 misinformation
In January 2020, left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters for America said that TikTok hosted misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic despite a recent policy against misinformation.[199] In April PicsArt Photo Studio16.2.5 Full, the government of India asked TikTok to remove users posting misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[200] There were also multiple conspiracy theories that the government is involved with the spread of the pandemic.[201] As a response to this, TikTok launched a feature to report content for misinformation.[202]
To combat misinformation in the 2022 midterm election in the US, TikTok announced a midterms Elections Center available in-app to users in 40 different languages. TikTok partnered with the National Association of Secretaries of State to give accurate local information to users.[203]
Misinformation when searching on TikTok
Based on NewsGuard's Misinformation Monitor published in September 2022, the search feature on TikTok surfaces misinformation in 20% of the cases. The fact-checking organisation analyzed 540 videos and found 105 to contain "false or misleading claims."[204] The questionable videos included harmful misleading information about various topics, including homemade recipes for hydroxychloroquine and abortion, 2020 US election integrity and the death toll of the war in Ukraine.
Content censorship and moderation by the platform
Main article: Censorship on Fonelab crack 2018 Free Activators censorship policy has been criticized as non-transparent.[205] Criticism of leaders such as Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi[206] and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[207] has been suppressed by the platform, as well as information relating to the Xinjiang internment camps and the Uyghur genocide.[208][209] Internal documents have revealed that moderators suppress posts created by users deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled" for the platform, and censor political speech on livestreams.[210][211][212] TikTok moderators have also blocked content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBT people.[207][213]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TikTok banned new Russian posts and livestreams.[214][215][216] However, a study by Tracking Exposed found out that TikTok had blocked all non-Russian content but EaseUS Video Editor 1.7.1.55 Full Crack With Serial Key continued to host old videos uploaded by Russia-based accounts and permitted Russian state media to continue posting, described as establishing a "splinternet" within a global social media platform.[217] TikTok's vague censorship has permitted pro-Kremlin news but blocked foreign accounts and critics of the war, as a result "Russians are left with a frozen TikTok, dominated by pro-war content".[218][219]
ISIL propaganda
Main article: Use of social media by the Islamic State
In October 2019, TikTok removed about two dozen accounts that were responsible for posting ISIL propaganda on the app.[220][221]
User privacy concerns
Privacy concerns have also been brought up regarding the app.[222][223] In its privacy policy, TikTok lists that it collects usage information, IP addresses, a user's mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data.[224][225] Web developers Talal Haj Bakry and Tommy Mysk said that allowing videos and other content to be shared by the app's users through HTTP puts the users' data privacy at risk.[226]
In January 2020, Check Point Research discovered a security flaw in TikTok which could have allowed hackers access to user accounts using SMS.[227] In February, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman criticised the app, calling it "spyware," and stating "I look at that app as so fundamentally parasitic, that it's always listening, the fingerprinting technology they use is truly terrifying, and I could not bring myself to install an app like that on my phone."[228][229] Responding to Huffman's comments, TikTok stated, "These are baseless accusations made without a shred of evidence."[224]Wells Fargo banned the app from its devices due to privacy and security concerns.[230]
In May 2020, the Dutch Data Protection Authority announced an investigation into TikTok in relation to privacy protections for children.[231][232] In June 2020, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, the European Data Protection Board announced that it would assemble a task force to examine TikTok's user privacy and security practices.[233]
In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok tracked Android user data, including MAC addresses and IMEIs, with a tactic in violation of Google's policies.[234][235] The report sparked calls in the U.S. Senate for debut video capture 5.18 registration code Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to launch an investigation.[236]
In June 2021, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, TikTok updated its privacy policy to include a collection of biometric data, including "faceprints and voiceprints."[237] Some experts reacted by calling the terms of collection and data use "vague" and "highly problematic."[238] The same month, CNBC reported that former employees had stated that "the boundaries between TikTok and ByteDance were so blurry as to be almost non-existent" and that "ByteDance employees are able to access U.S. user data" on BitRipper 1.31 Free Download with Crack October 2021, following the Facebook Files and controversies about social media ethics, a bipartisan group of lawmakers also pressed TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat on questions of data privacy and moderation for age-appropriate content. The New York Times reported, "Lawmakers also hammered [head of U.S. policy at TikTok] Mr. Beckerman about whether TikTok’s Chinese debut video capture 5.18 registration code could expose consumer data to Beijing," stating that "Critics have long argued that the company would be obligated to turn Americans’ data over to the Chinese government if asked."[240] TikTok told U.S. lawmakers it does not give information to China's government. TikTok's representative stated that TikTok's data is stored in the U.S. with backups in Singapore. According to the company's representative, TikTok had 'no affiliation' with the subsidiary Beijing ByteDance Technology, in which the Chinese government has a minority stake and board seat.[241]
In June 2022, BuzzFeed News reported that leaked audio recordings of internal TikTok meetings revealed that certain China-based employees of the company maintain full access to overseas data.[242][243]
In August 2022, Software engineer and security researcher Felix Krause found that the TikTok debut video capture 5.18 registration code contained keylogger functionality.[244]
In September 2022, during testimony to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, TikTok's COO stated that the company could not commit to stopping data transfers from US users to China. The COO reacted to concerns of the company's handling of user data by stating that TikTok does not operate in China, though the company does have an office there.[245]
U.S. COPPA fines
See also: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
On 27 February 2019, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) fined ByteDance U.S.$5.7 million debut video capture 5.18 registration code collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act.[246] ByteDance responded by adding a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on others' videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[247] In May 2020, an advocacy group filed a complaint with the FTC saying that TikTok had violated the terms of the February 2019 consent decree, which sparked subsequent Congressional calls for a renewed FTC investigation.[248][249][250][251] In July 2020, it was reported that the FTC and the United States Department of Justice had initiated investigations.[252]
UK Information Commissioner's Office investigation
In February 2019, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office launched an investigation of TikTok following the fine ByteDance received from the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Speaking to a parliamentary committee, Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said that the investigation focuses on the issues of private data collection, the kind of videos collected and shared by children online, as well as the platform's open messaging system which allows any adult to message any child. She noted that the company was potentially violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which requires the company to provide different services and different protections for children.[253]
Italian Data Protection Authority
On 22 January 2021, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, the Italian Data Protection Authority ordered the blocking of the use of the data of users whose age has not been established on the social network.[254][255] The order was issued after the death of a 10-year-old Sicilian girl, which occurred after the execution of a challenge shared by users of the platform that involved attempting to choke the user with a belt around the neck. The block is set to remain in place until 15 February, when it will be re-evaluated.[256][needs update]
Ireland Data Protection Commission
In September 2021, the Ireland Data Protection Commissioner opened investigations into TikTok concerning the protection of minors' data and transfers of personal data to China.[257][258]
Texas Attorney General investigation
In February 2022, the incumbent Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, initiated an investigation into TikTok for alleged violations of children's privacy and facilitation of human trafficking.[259][260] Paxton claimed that the Texas Department of Public Safety gathered several pieces of content showing the attempted recruitment of teenagers to smuggle people or goods across the Mexico–United States border. He claimed the evidence may prove the company's involvement in "human smuggling, sex trafficking and drug trafficking." The company claimed that no illegal activity of any kind is supported on the platform.[261]
Cyberbullying
As with other platforms,[262] journalists in several countries have raised privacy concerns about the app because it is popular with children and has the potential to be used by sexual predators.[262][263][264][265]
Several users have reported endemic cyberbullying on TikTok,[266][267] including racism[268] and ableism.[269][270][271] In December 2019, following a report by German digital rights group Netzpolitik.org, TikTok admitted that it had suppressed videos by disabled users as well as LGBTQ+ users in a purported effort to limit cyberbullying.[272][210] TikTok's moderators were also told to suppress users with "abnormal body shape," "ugly facial looks," "too many wrinkles," or in "slums, rural fields" and "dilapidated housing" to prevent bullying.[273]
In 2021, the platform revealed that it will be introducing a feature that will prevent teenagers from receiving notifications past their bedtime. The company will no longer send push notifications after 9 PM to users aged between 13 and 15. For 16 to 17 year olds, notifications will not be sent after 10 PM.[274]
Microtransactions
TikTok has received criticism for enabling children to purchase coins which they can send to other users.[275]
Impact on mental health
In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that "Mental-health professionals around the country are growing increasingly concerned about the effects on teen girls of posting sexualized TikTok videos."[276] In March 2022, a coalition of U.S. state attorneys general launched an investigation into TikTok's effect on children's mental health.[277]
Workplace conditions
Several former employees of the company have claimed of poor workplace conditions, including the start of the workweek on Sunday to cooperate with Chinese timezones and excessive workload. Employees claimed they averaged 85 hours of meetings per week and would frequently stay up all night in order to complete tasks. Some employees claimed the workplace's schedule operated similarly to the 996 schedule. The company has a stated policy of working from 10 AM to 7 PM five days per week (63 hours per week), but employees noted that it was encouraged for employees to work after hours. One female worker complained that the company did not allow her adequate time to change her feminine hygiene product because of back-to-back meetings. Another windows 10 loader 2020 noted that working at the company caused her to seek marriage therapy and lose an unhealthy amount of weight.[278] In response to the allegations, the company noted that they were committed to allowing employees "support and flexibility."[279][280]
Legal issues
Tencent lawsuits
Tencent's WeChat platform has been accused of blocking Douyin's videos.[281][282] In April 2018, Douyin sued Tencent and accused it of spreading false and damaging information on its WeChat platform, demanding CN¥1 million in compensation and an apology. In June 2018, Tencent filed a lawsuit against Toutiao and Douyin in a Beijing court, alleging they had repeatedly defamed Tencent with negative news and damaged its reputation, seeking a nominal sum of CN¥1 in compensation and a public apology.[283] In response, Toutiao filed a complaint the following day against Tencent for allegedly unfair competition and asking for CN¥90 million in economic losses.[284]
Data transfer class action lawsuit
In November 2019, a class action lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok transferred HomeGuard Pro Crack 9.11.3 + License Key Download [Latest Version] identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Driver Easy Professional 5.7.0 Crack and Alibaba.[285][286][287] The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of Movavi Video Converter 18.3 Crack + Activation Key Download Free user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but said she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometrics) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent debut video capture 5.18 registration code Chinese tech giant Baidu.[288] In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.[289] In February 2021, TikTok agreed to pay $92 million to settle the class action lawsuit.[290]
Voice actor lawsuit
In May 2021, Canadian voice actor Bev Standing filed a lawsuit against TikTok over the use of her voice in the text-to-speech feature without her permission. The lawsuit was filed in the Southern District of New York. TikTok declined to comment. Standing believes that TikTok used recordings she made for the Chinese government-run Institute of Acoustics.[291] The voice used in the feature was subsequently changed.[292]
Market Information Research Foundation lawsuit
In June 2021, the Netherlands-based Market Information Research Foundation (SOMI) filed a €1.4 billion lawsuit on behalf of Dutch parents against TikTok, debut video capture 5.18 registration code that the app gathers data on children without adequate permission.[293]
Blackout Challenge lawsuits
Multiple lawsuits have been filed against TikTok, accusing the platform of hosting content that led to the death of at least seven children. The lawsuits claim that children died after attempting the Blackout Challenge - a TikTok trend that involves strangling someone until they black out, debut video capture 5.18 registration code. TikTok stated that search queries for the challenge do not show any results, linking instead to protective resources, while the parents of two of the deceased argued that the content showed up on their children's TikTok feeds, without them debut video capture 5.18 registration code for it.[294]
See also
References
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- ^RouteBot (21 March 2020). "Top 10 Countries with the Largest Number of TikTok Users". routenote.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^Carman, Ashley (29 April 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Debut video capture 5.18 registration code from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"2020年春季报告：抖音用户规模达5.18亿人次，女性用户占比57%" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^Ahmad, Asif Shahzad, Jibran (11 March 2021). "Pakistan to block social media app TikTok over 'indecency' complaint". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^"The Fastest Growing Brands of 2020". Morning Consult. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^"TikTok surpasses Google as most popular website of the year, new data suggests". NBC News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^"The App That Launched a Thousand Memes Sixth Tone". Sixth Tone. 20 February 2018, debut video capture 5.18 registration code. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^"Is Douyin the Right Social Video Platform for Luxury Brands?
Kernel index
This index covers articles published in the LWN.net Kernel Page. All articles from the beginning of 2004 have been entered here.Academic systems
Realtime Linux: academia v. reality (July Solid Converter PDF License key, 2010)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Access control lists
Rich access control lists (October 20, 2015)
ACCESS_ONCE()
ACCESS_ONCE() (August 1, 2012)
ACCESS_ONCE() and compiler bugs (December 3, 2014)
Who's afraid of a big bad optimizing compiler? (July 15, 2019)
ACPI
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
An API for specifying latency constraints (August 28, 2006)
OLS: Three talks on power management (June 30, 2007)
Tripping over trip points (August 7, 2007)
The ACPI processor aggregator driver (October 7, 2009)
The cpuidle subsystem (April 26, 2010)
Idling ACPI idle (June 1, 2010)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Adore root kit
A new Adore root kit (March 17, 2004)
AdvFS
What's AdvFS good for? (June 25, 2008)
AlacrityVM
AlacrityVM (August 5, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
alloc_skb_from_cache()
alloc_skb_from_cache() (January 4, 2005)
ALSA
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
Alternative debut video capture 5.18 registration code alternatives (December 14, 2005)
Android
Wakelocks and the embedded problem (February 10, 2009)
From wakelocks to a real solution (February 18, 2009)
Fishy business (March 3, 2010)
Suspend block (April 28, 2010)
Blocking suspend blockers (May 18, 2010)
Suspend blocker suspense (May 26, 2010)
What comes after suspend blockers (June 1, 2010)
This week's episode of "Desperate Androids" (June 7, 2010)
Another wakeup event mechanism (June 23, 2010)
An alternative to suspend blockers (November 24, 2010)
A new approach to opportunistic suspend (September 27, 2011)
Yet another opportunity for opportunistic suspend (October 18, 2011)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Bringing Android closer to the mainline (December 20, 2011)
Autosleep and wake locks (February 7, 2012)
The Android ION memory allocator (February 8, 2012)
The Android mainlining interest group meeting: a report (February 28, 2012)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
KS2012: Status of Android upstreaming (September 5, 2012)
LC-Asia: An Android upstreaming update (March 12, 2013)
Integrating the ION memory allocator (September 4, 2013)
The Android Graphics microconference (October 9, 2013)
The LPC Android microconference (October 17, 2013)
In a bind with binder (October 29, 2014)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (September 8, 2015)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (September 14, 2015)
Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone (October 28, 2015)
Lightning talks (November 4, 2015)
Four new Android privilege escalations (August 10, 2016)
Bringing Android explicit fencing to the mainline (October 5, 2016)
Scheduling for Android devices (November 15, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (December 14, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (December 21, 2016)
Eliminating Android wrapfs "hackery" (April 4, 2017)
Running Android on a mainline graphics stack (September 12, 2017)
An update on the Android problem (November 7, 2017)
Android memory management (May 1, Driver Magician 5.4 Crack + License Key 2021 Free Activators for the Android display pipeline (January 16, 2020)
Evaluating vendor changes to the scheduler (May 19, 2020)
Android kernel notes from LPC 2020 (September 10, 2020)
KVM for Android (November 11, 2020)
The edge-triggered misunderstanding (August 5, 2021)
Not-so-anonymous virtual memory areas (September 3, 2021)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
Generic kernel image
Bringing the Android kernel back to the mainline (November 15, 2018)
Monitoring the internal kernel ABI (September 25, 2019)
The debut video capture 5.18 registration code of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
anonmm
Reverse mapping anonymous pages - again (March 24, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
anon_vma
Virtual Memory II: the return of objrmap (March 10, 2004)
VM changes in 2.6.6 (April 14, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
The merging of anon_vma and 4G/4G (May 26, 2004)
The case of the overly anonymous anon_vma (April 13, 2010)
a.out
A way out for a.out (March 24, 2022)
AppArmor
The AppArmor debate begins (April 26, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Security (July 19, 2006)
Linux security non-modules and AppArmor (June 27, 2007)
TOMOYO Linux and pathname-based security (April 14, 2008)
Architectures
UKUUG: The right way to port Linux (November 19, 2008)
System calls and 64-bit architectures (December 17, 2008)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
Little-endian PowerPC (October 6, 2010)
Upcoming DSP architectures (September 7, 2011)
LPC: Coping with hardware diversity (September 14, 2011)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Software and hardware obsolescence in the kernel (August 28, 2020)
The future of 32-bit Linux (December 4, 2020)
The road to Zettalinux (September 16, 2022)
ARM
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
ARM kernel consolidation (May 18, 2011)
Reworking the DMA mapping code (especially on ARM) (November 16, 2011)
Irked by NO_IRQ (December 7, 2011)
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
Supporting multi-platform ARM kernels (May 9, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler update (June 12, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: One zImage to rule them all (June 13, 2012)
Supporting 64-bit ARM systems (July 10, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Supporting KVM on the ARM architecture (July 3, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2013)
Minisummit reports (October 29, 2013)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
The Arm64 memory tagging extension in Linux (October 15, 2020)
Scheduling for asymmetric Arm systems (November 30, 2020)
Porting to
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 1: The basics (August 26, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 2: The early code (September 2, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 3: To the finish line (September 23, 2015)
RISC-V
Why RISC-V doesn't (yet) support KVM (May 20, 2021)
x86
i386 and x86_64: back together? (July 31, 2007)
Detecting and handling split locks (June 7, 2019)
Developers split over split-lock detection (December 6, 2019)
VMX virtualization runs afoul of split-lock detection (April 7, 2020)
A possible end to the FSGSBASE saga (June 1, 2020)
Kernel support for processor undervolting (November 2, 2020)
User-space interrupts (September 30, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2021)
Intel AMX support in 5.16 (November 8, 2021)
Pointer tagging for x86 systems (March 28, 2022)
Support for Intel's Linear Address Masking (July 25, 2022)
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Dealing with complexity: power domains and asymmetric multiprocessing (June 29, 2011)
Asynchronous function calls
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
Deadlocking the system with asynchronous functions (January 16, 2013)
Asynchronous I/O
A retry-based AIO infrastructure (March 2, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Asynchronous I/O (July 21, 2004)
Asynchronous I/O and vectored operations (February 7, 2006)
The kevent interface (February 22, 2006)
OLS: A proposal for a new networking API (July 22, 2006)
API changes: interrupt handlers and vectored I/O (October 2, 2006)
Asynchronous buffered file I/O (January 3, 2007)
Fibrils and asynchronous system calls (January 31, 2007)
Kernel fibrillation (February 6, 2007)
Threadlets (February 27, 2007)
The return of syslets (May 30, 2007)
LCA: A new approach to asynchronous I/O (January 27, 2009)
LSFMM: Reducing io_submit() latency (May 1, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2013)
Non-blocking buffered file read operations (September 23, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2014)
Asynchronous buffered read operations (March 18, 2015)
Fixing asynchronous I/O, again (January 13, 2016)
Toward non-blocking asynchronous I/O (May 30, 2017)
A new kernel polling interface (January 9, 2018)
Ringing in a new asynchronous I/O API (January 15, 2019)
io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles (February 13, 2019)
Asynchronous fsync() (May 21, 2019)
The rapid growth debut video capture 5.18 registration code io_uring (January 24, 2020)
Automatic buffer selection for io_uring (March 20, 2020)
Operations restrictions for io_uring (July 15, 2020)
Zero-copy network transmission with io_uring (December 30, 2021)
Atomic I/O operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic usage patterns in the kernel (August 31, 2016)
Atomic patterns 2: coupled atomics (September 7, 2016)
Atomic spinlocks
The realtime preemption endgame (August 5, 2009)
The realtime preemption mini-summit (September 28, 2009)
atomic_t
No more 24-bit atomic_t (February 18, 2004)
The search for fast, scalable counters (February 1, 2006)
Atomic additions (July 20, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2015)
Two approaches to reference count hardening (July 7, 2016)
Atomic primitives in the kernel (July 27, 2016)
The bumpy road to reference-count protection in the kernel (November 16, 2016)
Auditing
The lightweight auditing framework (April 7, 2004)
More hooks for kernel events (February 9, 2005)
Who audits the audit code? (May 29, 2014)
Audit, namespaces, and containers (September 8, 2016)
Container IDs for the audit subsystem (December 6, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Auditing io_uring (June 3, 2021)
Automounter
Trapfs - an automounter on the cheap (November 3, 2004)
Auxiliary bus
Managing multifunction devices with the auxiliary bus (December 17, 2020)
Beancounters
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
Benchmarking
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Tracking tbench troubles (October 29, 2008)
A survey of scheduler benchmarks (June 14, 2017)
Testing scheduler thermal properties for avionics (May 15, 2020)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
Berkeley Packet Filter
A JIT for packet filters (April 12, 2011)
BPF: the universal in-kernel virtual machine (May 21, 2014)
Extending extended BPF (July 2, 2014)
A reworked BPF API (July 23, 2014)
A report from the networking miniconference (August 27, 2014)
The BPF system call API, version 14 (September 24, 2014)
Persistent BPF objects (November 18, 2015)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
Notes from the LPC tracing microconference (September 21, 2017)
A thorough introduction to eBPF (December 2, 2017)
Some advanced BCC topics (February 22, 2018)
Bpfilter (and user-mode blobs) for 4.18 (May 30, 2018)
Binary portability for BPF programs (November 30, 2018)
Concurrency management in BPF (February 7, 2019)
Managing sysctl knobs with BPF (April 9, 2019)
BPF: what's good, what's coming, and what's needed (May 9, 2019)
BPF at Facebook (and beyond) (October 10, 2019)
BPF and the realtime patch set (October 23, 2019)
Filesystem sandboxing with eBPF (November 6, 2019)
A medley of performance-related BPF patches (January 2, 2020)
Kernel operations structures in BPF (February 7, 2020)
A look at "BPF Performance Tools" (February 26, 2020)
Dumping kernel data structures with BPF (April 27, 2020)
Rethinking bpfilter and user-mode helpers (June 12, 2020)
Sleepable BPF programs (July 7, 2020)
iproute2 and libbpf: vendoring on the small scale (November 12, 2020)
BPF meets io_uring (March 4, 2021)
Toward signed BPF programs (April 22, 2021)
Calling kernel functions from BPF (May 13, 2021)
Implementing eBPF for Windows (June 10, 2021)
Taming the BPF superpowers (September 29, 2021)
Controlling the CPU scheduler with BPF (October 21, 2021)
Long-lived kernel pointers in BPF (July 14, 2022)
The BPF panic function (July 18, 2022)
How far do we want to go with BPF? r studio rehistration code 19, 2022)
BPF as a safer kernel programming environment (September 23, 2022)
Device drivers
IR decoding with BPF (July 9, 2018)
BPF for HID drivers (September 26, 2022)
Loops
Bounded loops in BPF programs (December 3, 2018)
Bounded loops in BPF for the 5.3 kernel (July 31, 2019)
A different approach to BPF loops (November 29, 2021)
Memory management
A memory allocator for BPF code (February 4, 2022)
The BPF allocator runs into trouble (April 29, 2022)
A BPF-specific memory allocator (June 30, 2022)
Networking
Attaching eBPF programs to sockets (December 10, 2014)
Early packet drop — and more — with BPF (April 6, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
BPF comes to firewalls (February 19, 2018)
Writing network flow dissectors in BPF (September 6, 2018)
Security
Yet another new approach to seccomp (January 11, 2012)
Kernel runtime security instrumentation (September 4, 2019)
KRSI — the other BPF security module (December 27, 2019)
KRSI and proprietary BPF programs (January 17, 2020)
Impedance matching for BPF and LSM (February 26, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
eBPF seccomp() filters debut video capture 5.18 registration code 31, 2021)
Spectre revisits BPF (June 24, 2021)
Tracing
BPF tracing filters (December 4, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
Tracepoints with BPF (April 13, 2016)
Using user-space tracepoints with BPF (May 11, 2018)
The state of system observability with BPF (May 1, 2019)
Kernel analysis with bpftrace (July 18, 2019)
Type checking for BPF tracing (October 28, 2019)
Relief for insomniac tracepoints (October 29, 2020)
User events — but not quite yet (April 18, 2022)
Unprivileged
Unprivileged bpf() (October 12, 2015)
Providing wider access to bpf() (June 27, 2019)
Reconsidering unprivileged BPF (August 16, 2019)
Big kernel lock
The Big Kernel Lock lives on (May 26, 2004)
The Big Kernel Semaphore? (September 15, 2004)
ioctl(), the big kernel lock, and 32-bit compatibility (December 15, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
The big kernel lock strikes again (May 13, gridinsoft anti-malware 4.0.27 crack Activators Patch BKL Vol. 2 (May 21, 2008)
The BKL end game (March 30, 2010)
Might 2.6.35 be BKL-free? (April 27, 2010)
BKL-free in 2.6.37 (maybe) (September 20, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
The real BKL end game (January 26, 2011)
big.LITTLE
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler easeus data recovery wizard license code 12.9.1 (June 12, 2012)
KS2012: ARM: A big.LITTLE update (September 5, 2012)
A report from the first Korea Linux Forum (October 16, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Fixing a corner case in asymmetric CPU packing (January 7, 2022)
Bind mounts
Read-only bind mounts (May 6, 2008)
Mount namespaces, mount propagation, and unbindable mounts (June 15, 2016)
binfmt_misc
Architecture emulation debut video capture 5.18 registration code with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
BitKeeper
The kernel and BitKeeper part ways (April 6, 2005)
Block layer
Laptop mode for 2.6 (January 7, 2004)
CDROM drives and partitioning (February 25, 2004)
The return of write barriers (March 24, 2004)
Big block transfers: good or bad? (March 29, 2004)
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Network block devices and OOM safety (March 30, 2005)
Execute-in-place (May 11, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Convergence of network and storage paths (July 20, 2005)
Some block layer patches (October 26, 2005)
Large block size support (May 2, 2007)
Distributed storage (August 21, 2007)
Barriers and journaling filesystems (May 21, 2008)
Block layer: integrity checking and lots of partitions (July 15, 2008)
A superficial introduction to fsblock (March 11, 2009)
Flushing out pdflush (April 1, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem workshop, day 1 (April 7, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem Workshop, day 2 (April 8, 2009)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Interrupt mitigation in the block layer (August 10, 2009)
Page-based direct I/O (August 25, 2009)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 1 (August 9, 2010)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 2 (August 10, 2010)
The end of block barriers (August 18, 2010)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, and Memory Management Summit, Day 1 (April 5, 2011)
Future storage technologies and Linux (April 6, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, debut video capture 5.18 registration code Memory Management Summit, Day 2 (April 6, 2011)
Supporting block I/O contexts (June 18, 2012)
LSFMM: I/O hints (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: Copy offload (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: O_DIRECT (May 1, 2013)
The multiqueue block layer (June 5, 2013)
Tags and IDs (June 19, 2013)
Polling block drivers (June 26, 2013)
Filesystem/block interfaces (March 17, 2015)
Copy offload (March 25, 2015)
Write-stream IDs (April 7, 2015)
Block-layer I/O polling (November 11, 2015)
Block and filesystem interfaces (April 26, 2016)
Partial drive depopulation (April 27, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Multipage bio_vecs (May 4, 2016)
Inline encryption support for block devices (March 22, 2017)
Stream ID status update (March 29, 2017)
A block layer introduction part 1: the bio layer (October 25, 2017)
Block layer introduction part 2: the request layer (November 9, 2017)
A mapping layer for debut video capture 5.18 registration code (May 9, 2018)
Supporting multi-actuator drives (May 15, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The Linux "copy problem" (May 29, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Block drivers
Cleaning up the block driver API (August 28, 2007)
A new block request completion API (January 29, 2008)
How to use a terabyte of RAM (March 12, 2008)
Block layer: solid-state storage, timeouts, affinity, and more (October 15, 2008)
Block layer request queue API changes (May 18, 2009)
Reworking disk events handling (January 19, 2011)
An io_uring-based user-space block driver (August 8, 2022)
Crash recovery for user-space block drivers (August 29, 2022)
Caching
Bcache: Caching beyond just RAM (July 2, 2010)
A bcache update (May 14, 2012)
LSFMM: Caching — dm-cache and bcache (May 1, 2013)
Discard operations
Block layer discard requests (August 12, 2008)
The trouble with discard (August 18, 2009)
The best way to throw blocks away (December 1, 2010)
Issues around discard (May 6, 2019)
Error handling
Improved block-layer error handling (June 2, 2017)
PostgreSQL's fsync() surprise (April 18, 2018)
PostgreSQL visits LSFMM (May 1, 2018)
Handling I/O errors in the kernel (June 12, 2018)
I/O scheduling
Modular, switchable I/O schedulers (September 21, 2004)
Into the ABISS (November 9, 2004)
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
The block I/O controller (November 1click dvd copy pro 5.1.2.7 crack Free Activators, 2009)
Hierarchical group I/O scheduling (February 15, 2011)
An IOPS-based I/O scheduler (January 4, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Proportional I/O controller (September 17, 2012)
The BFQ I/O scheduler (June 11, 2014)
The return of the BFQ I/O scheduler (February 3, 2016)
A way forward for BFQ (December 14, 2016)
Two new block I/O schedulers for 4.12 (April 24, 2017)
Measuring (and fixing) I/O-controller throughput loss (August 29, 2018)
I/O scheduling for single-queue devices (October 12, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2018)
Improving the performance of the BFQ I/O scheduler (March 29, 2019)
Large physical sectors
Linux and 4K disk sectors (March 11, 2009)
4K-sector drives and Linux (March 9, 2010)
Preparing for large-sector drives (January 29, 2014)
Handling 32KB-block drives (March 18, 2015)
Loopback device
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Partitioned loopback devices (November 10, 2004)
Asynchronous block loop I/O (January 30, 2013)
Private loop devices with loopfs (May 7, 2020)
Object storage devices
Linux and object storage devices (November 4, 2008)
Plugging
No more global unplugging (March 10, 2004)
Explicit block device plugging (April 13, 2011)
What happened to disk performance in 2.6.39 (January 31, 2012)
RAID
Journal-guided RAID resync (November 24, 2009)
DM and MD come a little closer (April 20, 2010)
The MD roadmap (February 16, 2011)
Another kernel RAID5 implementation (October 18, 2011)
A journal for MD/RAID5 (November 24, 2015)
Cluster support for MD/RAID 1 (February 3, 2016)
Scalability
More IOPS with BIO caching (September 6, 2021)
The balance between features and performance in the block layer (November debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2021)
Solid-state storage devices
Solid-state storage devices and the block layer (October 4, 2010)
Supporting solid-state hybrid drives (November 5, 2014)
Taking control of SSDs with LightNVM (April 22, 2015)
Testing
Challenges with fstests and blktests (June 1, 2022)
Best practices for fstests (June 7, 2022)
Writeback
In defense of per-BDI writeback (September 30, 2009)
Handling writeback errors (April 4, 2017)
Fixing error reporting—again (April 25, 2018)
Zoned devices
Filesystems for zoned block devices (May 21, 2019)
Accessing zoned block devices with zonefs (July 23, 2019)
Btrfs on zoned block devices (April 19, 2021)
Zoned storage (June 14, 2022)
Bogomips
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Books
Linux Kernel Development, Second Edition (March 9, 2005)
Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition now online (March 15, 2005)
The Linux Kernel Primer (October 5, 2005)
Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition (November 22, 2005)
Review: Understanding Linux Network Internals (January 24, 2006)
Book Review: User Mode Linux (May 16, 2006)
Review: Linux Kernel in a Nutshell (February 7, 2007)
Book review: Linux System Programming (December 5, 2007)
Book review: Linux Kernel Development, third edition (December 15, 2010)
Review: The Linux Programming Interface (January 19, 2011)
Bootstrap process
initramfs and where user space truly begins (July 11, 2006)
LPC: Booting Linux in five seconds (September 22, 2008)
Tracking down a "runaway loop" (December 10, 2008)
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
USB and fast booting (April 29, 2009)
The bootstrap process on EFI systems (February 11, 2015)
Toward measured boot out of the box (September 8, 2016)
Broadcom 43xx
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Btrfs
btrfs and NILFS HomeGuard Pro Crack 9.11.3 + License Key Download [Latest Version] 19, 2007)
A better btrfs (January 15, 2008)
Btrfs aims for the mainline (January 7, 2009)
A short history of btrfs (July 22, 2009)
JLS2009: A Btrfs update (October 27, 2009)
Supporting transactions in btrfs (November 11, 2009)
Btrfs: broken by design? (June 22, 2010)
Data temperature in Btrfs (August 3, 2010)
Whither btrfsck? (October 11, 2011)
A btrfs update at LinuxCon Europe (November 2, 2011)
Atime and btrfs: a bad combination? (May 31, 2012)
Btrfs send/receive (July 11, 2012)
VFS hot-data tracking (November 20, 2012)
LSFMM: Btrfs: "are we there yet?" (May 1, 2013)
CoreOS looks to move from Btrfs to overlayfs (December 24, 2014)
In-band deduplication for Btrfs (March 9, 2016)
Btrfs and high-speed devices (August 24, 2016)
Adding encryption to Btrfs (September 21, 2016)
Btrfs at Facebook (July 2, 2020)
epoll_pwait2(), close_range(), and encoded I/O (November 20, 2020)
LWN's guide to
The Btrfs filesystem: An introduction (December 11, 2013)
Btrfs: Getting started (December 17, 2013)
Btrfs: Working with multiple devices (December 30, 2013)
Btrfs: Subvolumes and snapshots (January 6, 2014)
Btrfs: Send/receive and ioctl() (January 22, 2014)
Budget fair queuing scheduler
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Buffer heads
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Build system
Shrinking the kernel with gcc (January 21, 2004)
Building external modules (April 13, 2004)
Separating kernel source and object files (June 23, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
Testing crypto drivers at boot time (August 18, 2010)
Link-time optimization for the kernel (August 21, 2012)
Special sections in Linux binaries (January 3, 2013)
Creating a kernel build farm (October 5, 2016)
The end of modversions? (November 30, 2016)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time garbage collection (December 15, 2017)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time optimization (January 18, 2018)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Compiling kernel UAPI headers with C++ (September 13, 2018)
Building header files into the kernel (March 21, 2019)
Old compilers and old bugs (January 11, 2021)
Moving the kernel to modern C (February 24, 2022)
A framework for code tagging (September 1, 2022)
GCC plugins
Better kernels with GCC plugins (October 5, 2011)
Kernel building with GCC plugins (June 14, 2016)
A pair of GCC plugins (January 25, 2017)
The future of GCC plugins in the kernel (April 1, 2021)
Kernel configuration
Kconfiglib (February 2, 2011)
Kernel configuration for distributions (July 18, 2012)
A different approach to kernel configuration (September 12, 2017)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
bus1
Bus1: a new Linux interprocess communication proposal (August 17, 2016)
C11 atomic operations
C11 atomic variables and the kernel (February 18, 2014)
C11 atomics part 2: "consume" semantics (February 26, 2014)
Time to move to C11 atomics? (June 15, 2016)
CacheFS
A general caching filesystem (September 1, 2004)
Capabilities
Capabilities in 2.6 (April 6, 2004)
Magic groups in 2.6 (May 11, 2004)
Trustees Linux (November 16, 2004)
A bid to resurrect Linux capabilities (September 10, 2006)
File-based capabilities (November 29, 2006)
Fixing CAP_SETPCAP (October 31, 2007)
Restricting root with per-process securebits (April 30, 2008)
Capabilities for loading network modules (March debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2011)
CAP_SYS_ADMIN: the new root (March 14, 2012)
The trouble with CAP_SYS_RAWIO (March 13, 2013)
BSD-style securelevel comes to Linux — again (September 11, 2013)
Inheriting capabilities (February 11, 2015)
The kdbuswreck (April 22, 2015)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Namespaced file capabilities (June 30, 2017)
CAP_PERFMON — and new capabilities in general (February 21, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CD recording
SCSI command filtering (July 31, 2006)
2.6.8 problems
2.6.8 and CD recording (August 18, 2004)
CFQ I/O scheduler
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Changelogs
In search of the perfect changelog (April 22, 2009)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Character encoding
The kernel and character set encodings (February 18, 2004)
Working with UTF-8 in the kernel (March 28, 2019)
Char devices
The cdev interface (August 16, 2006)
check_flags()
file_operations method
The end of the fcntl() method (August 18, 2004)
Checkpointing
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
eclone() (November 18, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
KS2010: Checkpoint/restart (November 2, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart: it's complicated (November 9, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
TCP connection hijacking and parasites - as a good thing (August 9, 2011)
Preparing for user-space checkpoint/restore (January 31, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: Checkpoint/restore in user space: are we there yet? (November 20, 2012)
Checkpoint/restore and signals (January 9, 2013)
Checkpoint/restart in user space (October 29, 2013)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CIFS
On the future of smbfs (May 15, 2006)
LSFMM: User space NFS and CIFS servers (May 1, 2013)
Circular buffers
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Circular pipes (January 11, 2005)
The evolution of pipe buffers (January 18, 2005)
Class-based resource management
Kernel Summit: Class-based Kernel Resource Management (July 21, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2004)
Is CKRM worth it? (July 27, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
class_simple
Safe sysfs support (February 11, 2004)
Clockevents
Clockevents and dyntick (February 21, 2007)
CLOCK-Pro
A CLOCK-Pro page replacement implementation (August 16, 2005)
A framework for page replacement policies (March 25, 2006)
Clocks
A common clock framework (December 21, 2011)
Clusters
Clusters and distributed lock management (May 18, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Clustering (July 20, 2005)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Cluster summit presentations
Presentations from the cluster summit (August 11, 2004)
Filesystems
Should the Lustre preparation patches go in? (June 9, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Clustered storage (July 21, 2004)
The OCFS2 filesystem (May 24, 2005)
Time to merge GFS? (August 10, 2005)
Merging GFS2 (September 7, 2005)
New NFS to bring parallel storage to the masses (January 21, 2009)
A look inside the OCFS2 filesystem (September 1, 2010)
Loopback NFS: theory and practice (April 23, 2014)
cmpxchg()
RCU-safe reference counting (July 14, 2004)
Introducing lockrefs (September 4, 2013)
Lockless patterns: an introduction to compare-and-swap (March 12, 2021)
Lockless patterns: more read-modify-write operations (March 19, 2021)
Coding style
How likely should likely() be? (February 10, 2004)
The cost of inline functions (April 28, 2004)
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
NULL v. zero (July 14, 2004)
Kernel headers and user space (November 30, 2004)
The coding style enforcer (May 11, 2005)
Drawing the line on inline (January 3, 2006)
The trouble with volatile (May 9, 2007)
Coding-style exceptionalism (July 20, 2016)
An end to implicit fall-throughs in the kernel (August 1, 2019)
Completely fair scheduler
CFS group scheduling (July 2, 2007)
Fair user scheduling and other scheduler patches (October 16, 2007)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Improving scheduler latency (September 14, 2010)
TTY-based group scheduling (November 17, 2010)
CFS bandwidth control (February 16, 2011)
A group scheduling demonstration (March 16, 2011)
Completions
Some 2.6.11 API changes (January 25, 2005)
Compute Express Link (CXL)
CXL 1: Management and tiering (May 13, 2022)
CXL 2: Pooling, sharing, and I/O-memory resources (May 19, 2022)
Configfs
Configfs - an introduction (August 24, 2005)
Configfs - the API (August 24, 2005)
Containers
Containers and PID virtualization (January 17, 2006)
PID virtualization: a wealth of choices (February 8, 2006)
Containers and lightweight virtualization (April 10, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Paravirtualization and containers (July 19, 2006)
Another container implementation (September 19, 2006)
Process containers (May 29, 2007)
Controlling memory use in containers (July 31, 2007)
KS2007: Containers (September 10, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
System call updates: indirect(), timerfd(), and hijack() (November 28, 2007)
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
Divorcing namespaces from processes (March 3, 2010)
Namespace file descriptors (September 29, 2010)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
Running distributions in containers (October 12, 2011)
A new approach to user namespaces (April 10, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: The failure of operating systems and how we can fix it (November 14, 2012)
Namespaces in operation, part 1: namespaces overview (January 4, 2013)
SO_PEERCGROUP: which container is calling? (March 18, 2014)
Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
Virtual machines as containers (April 23, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Containers, pseudo TTYs, and backward compatibility (June 1, 2016)
Container-aware filesystems (April debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2017)
Containers as kernel objects (May 23, 2017)
Process tagging with ptags (December 13, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Containers as kernel objects — again (February 22, 2019)
A filesystem for namespaces (December 3, 2021)
System-call interception for unprivileged containers (June 29, 2022)
Contiguous memory allocator
Contiguous memory allocation for drivers (July 21, 2010)
A reworked contiguous memory allocator (June 14, 2011)
CMA and ARM (July 5, 2011)
A deep dive into CMA (March 14, 2012)
CMA and compaction (April 23, 2016)
Control groups
Integrating memory control groups (May 17, 2011)
LPC: Control groups (September 20, 2011)
Timer slack for slacker developers (October 17, 2011)
Limiting system calls via control groups? (October 19, 2011)
KS2011: Coming to love control groups (October 24, 2011)
Per-cgroup TCP buffer limits (December 6, 2011)
Fixing control groups (February 28, 2012)
Two approaches to kernel memory usage accounting (March 7, 2012)
A proposed plan for control groups (March 14, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Improving kernel-memory accounting for memory cgroups (September 17, 2012)
Throwing one away (September 19, 2012)
The mempressure control group proposal (January 3, 2013)
LSFMM: Soft reclaim (April 23, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2013)
The evolution of control groups (October 29, 2013)
The past, present, and future of control groups (November 20, 2013)
Another daemon for managing control groups (December 5, 2013)
The unified control group hierarchy in 3.16 (June 11, 2014)
Control group namespaces (November 19, 2014)
Memory control group fairness (April 27, 2016)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
A resolution on control-group network filters (February 15, 2017)
Three sessions on memory control groups (May 1, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2018)
Cleaning up after dying control groups (May 7, 2019)
Remote memory control-group charging (May 7, 2019)
Shrinking filesystem caches for dying control groups (May 29, 2019)
The burstable CFS bandwidth controller (February 8, 2021)
A "kill" button for control groups (May 3, 2021)
Cleaning up dying control groups, 2022 debut video capture 5.18 registration code (May 19, 2022)
I/O bandwidth controllers
Writeback and control groups (June 17, 2015)
Controlling block-I/O latency (May 3, 2018)
The block I/O latency controller (July 5, 2018)
The creation of the io.latency block I/O controller (March 14, 2019)
The io.weight I/O-bandwidth controller (June 28, 2019)
LWN's guide to
Control groups, part 1: On the history of process grouping (July 1, 2014)
Control groups, part 2: On the different sorts of hierarchies (July 9, 2014)
Control groups, part 3: First steps to control (July 16, 2014)
Control groups, part 4: On accounting (July 23, 2014)
Control groups, part 5: The cgroup hierarchy (July 30, 2014)
Control groups, part 6: A look under the hood (August 6, 2014)
Control groups, part 7: To unity and beyond (August 13, 2014)
Thread-level control
Thread-level management in control groups (September 1, 2015)
Thread-level control with resource groups (March 16, 2016)
The case of the stalled CPU controller (August 17, 2016)
Control-group thread mode (February 22, 2017)
A milestone for control groups (July 31, 2017)
Coprocessors
LSFMM: Coprocessors, exit times, and volatile ranges, and more (April 23, 2013)
Copyright issues
Buying the kernel (October 13, 2004)
The kernel and binary firmware (April 6, 2005)
The Philips webcam driver - again (May 4, 2005)
The Developer's Certificate of Origin, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, v1.1 (June 15, 2005)
On the value of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL (October 5, 2005)
On binary drivers and stable interfaces (November 9, 2005)
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL_FUTURE() (February 13, 2006)
Code of uncertain origin (August 9, 2006)
Code of (still) uncertain origin (August 15, 2006)
Resolved: firmware is not software (August 23, 2006)
GPL-only symbols and ndiswrapper (October 25, 2006)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
More quotes of the week - scenes from a flame war (June 19, 2007)
NDISwrapper dodges another bullet (March 5, 2008)
Kernel markers and binary-only modules (March 24, 2008)
Relicensing tracepoints and markers (November 4, 2009)
The trouble with firmware (January 5, 2011)
Bounding GPL compliance times (February 9, 2011)
dma-buf and binary-only modules (February 22, 2012)
The exfiltrated exFAT driver (July 24, 2013)
Questioning EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 23, 2014)
The debut video capture 5.18 registration code community confronts GPL enforcement (August 31, 2016)
Maintainers Summit: SPDX, cross-subsystem development, and conclusion (November 8, 2017)
SPDX identifiers in the kernel (November 16, 2017)
Heterogeneous memory management meets EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 12, 2018)
The proper use of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (October 27, 2018)
Netgpu and the hazards of proprietary kernel modules (July 31, 2020)
Copyleft-next and the kernel (July 13, 2021)
copy_*_user()
Hardened usercopy (August 3, 2016)
Hardened usercopy whitelisting (July 7, 2017)
Two topics in user-space access (March 5, 2019)
Proposed return value change
API changes under consideration (August 24, 2004)
COW links
COW Links (March 29, 2004)
cpufreq
Fixing the ondemand governor (April 20, 2010)
Improvements in CPU frequency management (April 6, 2016)
CPU frequency governors and remote callbacks (September 4, 2017)
Saving frequency scaling in the data center (May 21, 2020)
CPUhog
Who let the hogs out? (March 16, 2010)
Cpusets
Cpusets and memory policies (March 22, 2017)
Crash dumps
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
Software suspend - again (February 6, 2006)
Persistent storage for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
Credentials
Credential records (September 25, 2007)
Cryptography
Cryptographic signatures on kernel modules (July 7, 2004)
Asynchronous crypto (November 3, 2004)
An API for user-space access to kernel cryptography (August 25, 2010)
Trusted and encrypted keys (October 6, 2010)
A netlink-based user-space crypto API (October 20, 2010)
A crypto module loading vulnerability (January 28, 2015)
WireGuarding the mainline (August 6, 2018)
Reconsidering Speck (August 8, 2018)
Progress on Zinc (thus WireGuard) (September 26, 2018)
Zinc: a new kernel cryptography API (November 6, 2018)
Adiantum: encryption for the low end (January 16, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2019)
WireGuard and the crypto API (October 16, 2019)
Supporting PGP keys and signatures in the kernel (January 25, 2022)
Cryptoloop
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Customer panel
Kernel Summit: The customer panel (July 21, 2004)
Data integrity
Ext3 and Microsoft office crack reddit Activators Patch silent data killers? (August 31, 2009)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Stable pages (May 11, 2011)
Ensuring data reaches disk (September 7, 2011)
Optimizing stable pages (December 5, debut video capture 5.18 registration code Storage data integrity (April 24, 2013)
Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK)
Network acceleration with DPDK (July 5, 2017)
DAX
Supporting filesystems in persistent memory (September 2, 2014)
DAX and fsync: the cost of forgoing page structures (February 24, 2016)
The persistent memory "I know what I'm doing" flag (March 2, 2016)
DAX on BTT (May 4, 2016)
The future of DAX (March 27, 2017)
daxctl() — getting the other half of persistent-memory performance (June 26, 2017)
DAX semantics (May 13, 2019)
D-Bus
Fast interprocess messaging (September 15, 2010)
Speeding up D-Bus (February 29, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2012)
Missing the AF_BUS (July 3, 2012)
DCCP
Linux gets DCCP (August 30, 2005)
Debian kernel team
The new Debian kernel team (May 26, 2004)
Debugging
Bringing kgdb into 2.6 (February 10, 2004)
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Debugging kernel modules (June 23, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
On not getting burned by kmap_atomic() (November 16, 2004)
Debugfs (December 13, 2004)
Useful gadget: /proc/page_owner (February 1, 2005)
The __nocast attribute (March 29, 2005)
Double kfree() errors (March 6, 2006)
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Development issues part 2: Bug tracking (January 9, 2008)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
An updated guide to debugfs (May 25, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Persistent debut video capture 5.18 registration code for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
Displaying Avast antivirus mod for pc Activators Patch codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Bugzilla, lightning talks, and future summits (October debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2013)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Delay accounting
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
del_timer()
Deleting timers quickly (May 12, 2004)
Dentry cache
The value of negative dentries (June 4, 2002)
Dcache scalability and RCU-walk (December 14, 2010)
Dcache scalability debut video capture 5.18 registration code security modules (April 27, 2011)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
How to ruin Linus's vacation (July 19, 2011)
A VFS deadlock post-mortem (April 3, 2013)
Dentry negativity (March 12, 2020)
Negative dentries, 20 years later (April 11, 2022)
Dealing with negative dentries (May 9, 2022)
Desktop support
Kernel Summit 2005: The Kernel and the Linux desktop (July 20, 2005)
A desktop kernel wishlist (October 29, 2014)
Development model
Linus merges up a storm (April 14, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Development process (July 21, 2004)
Another look at the new development model (July 27, 2004)
The -mm development tree (October 5, 2004)
MODULE_PARM deprecated (October 20, 2004)
Some development model notes (October 27, 2004)
Four-level page tables merged (January 5, 2005)
Flushing the page cache from user space (February 22, 2005)
Finding the boundaries for stable kernel patches (April 5, 2005)
Andrew Morton at linux.conf.au (April 23, 2005)
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: The hardware vendors' panel (July 19, 2005)
Reiser4 and kernel inclusion (September 21, 2005)
On the merging of ktimers (October 19, 2005)
What's not going into 2.6.18 (June 6, 2006)
Time for ext4? (June 12, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Kernel quality and development process (July 18, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Development process II (July 19, 2006)
Old kernels and new compilers (August 21, 2006)
Device drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Pointy-haired kernel hackers? (July 11, 2007)
Still waiting for swap prefetch (July 25, 2007)
The case of the unwelcome attribution (September 19, 2007)
PF_CAN (October 8, 2007)
Getting the right kind of contributions (May 28, 2008)
Andrew Morton on kernel development (June 11, 2008)
KS2008: Linux 3.0 (September 16, 2008)
Btrfs to the mainline? (October 8, 2008)
An open letter to Evgeniy Polyakov (November 25, 2008)
On the management of the Video4Linux subsystem tree (February 24, 2009)
TuxOnIce: in from the cold? (May 13, 2009)
Communicating requirements to kernel debut video capture 5.18 registration code (July 14, 2009)
Fault injection and unexpected requirement injection (December 2, 2009)
Redesigning asynchronous suspend/resume (December 16, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
After the merge window closed. (March 16, 2010)
KVM, QEMU, and kernel project management (March 23, 2010)
A suspend blockers post-mortem (June 2, 2010)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
On the scalability of Linus (July 2, 2010)
A new combined tree for storage subsystems (September 15, 2010)
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
KS2010: Big out-of-tree projects (November 2, 2010)
KS2010: Development process (November 3, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
The platform problem (May 18, 2011)
Android, forking, and control (June 6, 2011)
Avoiding the OS abstraction trap (August 12, 2011)
On multi-platform drivers (September 7, 2011)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: Making kernel developers less grumpy (June 6, 2012)
A kernel panel convenes in Edinburgh (October 23, 2013)
On saying "no" (October 29, 2013)
AMD's Display Core difficulties (December 13, 2016)
LZ4: vendoring in the kernel (February 1, 2017)
Bash the kernel maintainers (November 6, 2017)
Too many lords, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, not enough stewards (January 31, 2018)
Two perspectives on the maintainer relationship (March 20, 2018)
FIPS-compliant random numbers for the kernel (December 7, 2021)
Remote participation at LSFMM (June 15, 2022)
Code review
Where have all the reviewers gone? (September 11, 2006)
A critical look at sysfs attribute values (March 17, 2010)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Uninitialized blocks and unexpected flags (November 28, 2012)
A FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE followup (December 5, 2012)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Unreviewed code in 3.11 (August 7, 2013)
Two sessions on review (August 20, 2014)
On the problem of maintainer abuse (December 17, 2014)
Memory-management patch review (March 29, 2017)
The trouble with SMC-R (May 18, 2017)
The memory-management development process (April 27, 2018)
The memory-management subsystem development process (May 7, 2019)
Security requirements for new kernel features (July 28, 2022)
Community
ELC: Morton and Saxena on working with the kernel community (April 21, 2008)
KS2010: Welcoming newcomers (November 2, 2010)
Developer recruitment and outreach (November 4, 2015)
Contributor statistics
Who wrote 2.6.20? (February 21, 2007)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Who wrote - and approved - 2.6.22 (June 11, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2007)
2.6.24 - some statistics (January 9, 2008)
How patches get into the mainline (February 10, 2009)
Developer conduct
KS2007: Developer relations and development process (September 10, 2007)
On kernel mailing list behavior (July 17, 2013)
Code, conflict, and conduct (September 18, 2018)
The kernel's code of conduct, one week later (September 26, 2018)
The code of conduct at the Maintainers Summit (October 23, 2018)
A panel discussion on the kernel's code of conduct (November 20, 2018)
Developers as children
Quote of the week (June 15, 2004)
Diversity
Outreach program for women—kernel edition (June 12, 2013)
The Outreach Program for Women (October 29, 2013)
Code humor and inclusiveness (June 11, 2021)
Driver merging
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
KS2008: When should drivers be merged? (September 16, 2008)
Moving the -staging tree (October 1, 2008)
The sad story of the em28xx driver (November 11, 2008)
News from the staging tree (September 9, 2009)
On the driver life cycle (October 13, 2009)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Vtunerc and software acceptance politics (December 14, 2011)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Email analysis
Analyzing kernel email (November 13, 2019)
Enterprise kernels
Kernel competition in the enterprise space (March 14, 2012)
Kernel quality
Toward better kernel releases (December 7, 2004)
Is the kernel development process broken? (March 9, 2005)
Quotes of the week (March 8, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Development process and quality assurance (July 20, 2005)
The newest development model and 2.6.14 (November 2, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Kernel bugs: out of control? (May 10, 2006)
Putting a lid on USB power (June 5, 2006)
Return values, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, warnings, and error situations (October 17, 2006)
Buried in warnings (November 1, 2006)
A tale of two release cycles (May 1, 2007)
The thorny case of kmalloc(0) (June 5, 2007)
KS2007: Kernel quality (September 6, 2007)
Various topics related to kernel quality (November 14, 2007)
Memory allocation failures and scary warnings (April 7, 2008)
Time to slow down? (May 7, 2008)
Tightening the merge window rules (September 9, 2008)
KS2008: Kernel quality and release process (September 16, 2008)
Tracking of testers and bug reporters - a status report (November 11, 2008)
A tempest in a tty pot (July 29, 2009)
KS2011: Preemption disable and verifiable APIs (October 24, 2011)
Drivers as documentation (November 22, 2011)
Removing uninitialized_var() (December 19, 2012)
Kernel quality control, or the lack thereof (December 7, 2018)
linux-next
linux-next and patch management process (February 13, 2008)
A day in the life of linux-next (June 23, 2008)
The current development kernel is.linux-next? (July 8, 2008)
Linux-next meets the merge window (July 23, 2008)
KS2009: Staging, linux-next, and the development process (October 21, 2009)
Bypassing linux-next (January 19, 2011)
KS2012: Improving development processes: linux-next (September 12, 2012)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The state of linux-next (August 20, 2014)
Loadable modules
The abrupt un-exporting of symbols (January 12, 2005)
Exported symbols and the internal API (September 11, 2007)
Tightening symbol exports (November 27, 2007)
Tracing unsigned modules (March 5, 2014)
The intersection of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
Maintainers
The kernel maintainer gap (October 30, 2013)
On moving on from being a maintainer (January 6, 2016)
On Linux kernel maintainer scalability (October 12, 2016)
Group maintainership models (November 2, 2016)
Scaling the kernel's MAINTAINERS file (August 10, 2017)
MAINTAINERS truth and fiction (January 14, 2021)
Finding real-world kernel subsystems (February 1, 2021)
Resurrecting fbdev (January 19, 2022)
Maintainers don't scale (June 6, 2022)
Patch management
Best practices for a big patch series (February 12, 2014)
Why kernel development still uses email (October 1, 2016)
Change IDs for kernel patches (August 29, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
Patterns
Linux kernel design patterns - part 1 (June 8, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 2 (June 12, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 3 (June 22, 2009)
Ghosts of Unix Past: a historical search for design patterns (October 27, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part debut video capture 5.18 registration code Conflated designs (November 4, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 3: Unfixable designs (November 16, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 4: High-maintenance designs (November 23, 2010)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 1 (June 1, 2011)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 2 (June 7, 2011)
Flags as a system call API design pattern (February 12, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2014)
Proper handling of unknown flags in system calls (February 26, 2014)
Regressions
Kernel testing and regressions: an example (July 26, 2005)
KS2009: Regressions (October 19, 2009)
KS2010: Regressions (November 2, 2010)
A more detailed look at kernel regressions (November 10, 2010)
Dueling memory-management performance regressions (June 14, 2019)
splice() and the ghost of set_fs() (May 26, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2022)
Better regression handling for the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Security issues
Handling kernel security problems (July 16, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2008)
debugfs: rules not welcome (February 22, 2011)
Dirty COW and clean commit messages (October 21, 2016)
Toward better handling of hardware vulnerabilities (September 12, 2018)
Improving the handling of embargoed hardware-security bugs (October 25, 2018)
What constitutes disclosure of a kernel vulnerability? (June 3, 2022)
A fuzzy issue of responsible disclosure (August 12, 2022)
Stable tree
Some numbers and thoughts on the stable kernels (August 27, 2010)
Further notes on stable kernels (September 8, 2010)
Maintaining a stable kernel on an unstable base (September 29, 2010)
A long-term support initiative update (February 29, 2012)
The value of release bureaucracy (April 17, 2012)
KS2012: Stable kernel management (September 12, debut video capture 5.18 registration code stable tree grumbles (July 17, 2013)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The stable tree (August 20, 2014)
How many -stable patches introduce new bugs? (June 28, 2016)
Backports and long-term stable kernels (September 14, 2016)
A discussion on stable kernel workflow issues (November 1, 2016)
Cramming features into LTS kernel releases (October 10, 2017)
The strange story of the ARM Meltdown-fix backport (March 15, 2018)
Machine learning and stable kernels (September 12, 2018)
Making stable kernels more stable (October 24, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The case of speccy app supersized shebang (February 18, 2019)
Testing and the stable tree (May 28, 2019)
The stable-kernel process (September 16, 2019)
Identifying buggy patches with machine learning (November 4, 2019)
Revisiting stable-kernel regressions (February 13, 2020)
Maintaining stable stability (July 22, 2020)
Preparing for the realtime future (September debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2020)
XFS, stable kernels, and -rc releases (December 3, 2020)
A stable bug fix bites proprietary modules (June 21, 2021)
The core of the -stable debate (July 22, 2021)
Rolling stable kernels (October 6, 2021)
A last look at the 4.4 stable series (February 17, 2022)
Filesystems, testing, and stable trees (May 31, 2022)
User-space ABI
Sysfs and a stable kernel ABI (February 22, 2006)
ABI stability documentation (February 28, 2006)
Kevents and review of new APIs (August 23, 2006)
The final wireless extension? (October 4, 2006)
The death and possible rebirth of sysctl() (October 18, 2006)
Application-friendly kernel interfaces (March 26, 2007)
2.6 and the user-space ABI (May 15, 2007)
timerfd() and system call review (August 14, 2007)
Re-deprecating sysctl() (August 29, 2007)
KS2007: The debut video capture 5.18 registration code kernel ecosystem and user-space APIs (September 6, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
Debugfs and the making of a stable ABI (December 3, 2008)
Removing binary sysctl (November 11, 2009)
Extended error reporting (February 17, 2010)
Nouveau and interface compatibility (March 10, 2010)
The ghost of sysfs past (July 21, 2010)
Statistics and tracepoints (August 24, 2010)
KS2010: ABI status for tracepoints (November 2, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2010)
KS2010: A staging process for ABIs (November 2, 2010)
The media controller subsystem (November 16, 2010)
The kernel and the C library as a single project (November 30, 2010)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
-EWHICHERROR? (June 29, 2011)
The udev tail wags the dog (August 24, 2011)
Hardware face detection (November 29, 2011)
System call filtering and no_new_privs (January 18, 2012)
Short sleeps suffering from slack (February 17, 2012)
A sys_poll() ABI tweak (February 22, 2012)
Fixing the unfixable autofs ABI (April 30, 2012)
Removing four bytes from the kernel ABI (May 23, 2012)
msync() and subtle behavioral tweaks (June 19, 2012)
Virtualization and the perf ABI (December 19, 2012)
Glibc and the kernel user-space API (January 30, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, 2013)
Device trees as ABI (July 30, 2013)
A perf ABI fix (September 24, 2013)
The kernel/user-space boundary (October 29, 2013)
Fixing FS_IOC_GETFLAGS (December 11, 2013)
Changing the default shared memory limits (April 23, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 1: An overview of dnotify and inotify (July 9, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 2: A deeper investigation of inotify (July 14, 2014)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
How implementation details become ABI: a case study (October 1, 2014)
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Pagemap: security fixes vs. ABI compatibility (April 29, 2015)
Designing better kernel ABIs (October 26, 2016)
Specifying the kernel ABI debut video capture 5.18 registration code 21, 2017)
Rethinking the Stack Clash fix (July 13, 2017)
C library system-call wrappers, or the lack thereof (November 12, 2018)
Maintainers Summit topics: pull depth, hardware vulnerabilities, etc. (September 17, 2019)
Free user space for non-graphics drivers (June 3, 2020)
The ABI status of filesystem formats (October 8, 2020)
Systemd catches up with bind events (November 13, 2020)
The imminent stable-version apocalypse (February 5, 2021)
Version numbers
Linux 3.0? (September 3, 2008)
2.6.x-rc0 (October 7, 2009)
Development tools
Ketchup with that? (April 28, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2006: Automated testing (July 19, 2006)
Device resource management (January 2, 2007)
Using Promela and Spin to verify parallel algorithms (August 1, 2007)
Who maintains this file? (August 21, 2007)
KS2008: Development tools (September 16, 2008)
Who is the best inliner of all? (January 14, 2009)
Poke-a-hole and friends (June 10, 2009)
Finding buffer overflows with Parfait (July 29, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
A module for crashing the kernel (January 26, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2010)
Undertaker 1.0 (February 1, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
KS2011: Scheduler testing (October 24, 2011)
Validating Memory Barriers and Atomic Instructions (December 6, 2011)
Trusting the hardware too much (February 15, 2012)
Linsched for 3.3 (March 21, 2012)
I/O Hook (July 30, 2013)
The kernel address sanitizer (September eset smart security premium 12.0.31.0 license key, 2014)
Memory-management testing and debugging (March 16, 2015)
Testing power failures (March 18, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2015)
Fuzzing perf_events (August 5, 2015)
libnvdimm, or the unexpected virtue of uninstall studio 3t mac Free Activators tests (August 12, 2015)
Speeding up kernel development with QEMU (October 14, 2015)
Protecting private structure members (January 6, 2016)
Coverage-guided kernel fuzzing with syzkaller (March 2, 2016)
Automatically detecting kernel interface changes (October 19, 2016)
A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1) (April 14, 2017)
An introduction to the BPF Compiler Collection (December 22, 2017)
BPFd: Running BCC tools remotely across systems and architectures (January 23, 2018)
Software-tag-based KASAN (September 26, 2018)
Snowpatch: continuous-integration testing for the kernel (January 26, 2019)
Finding race conditions with KCSAN (October 14, 2019)
Next steps for kernel workflow improvement (November 1, 2019)
Better tools for kernel developers (February 6, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2020)
Attestation for WinToHDD 5.1 Crack Activation Code Free patches (March 2, 2020)
The pseudo cpuidle driver (May 21, 2020)
Scrutinizing bugs found by syzbot (October 13, 2021)
Detecting missing memory barriers with KCSAN (December 2, 2021)
A reference-count tracking infrastructure (December 6, 2021)
Digging into the community's lore with lei (December 13, 2021)
Driver regression testing with roadtest (March 18, 2022)
Finding bugs with sanitizers (September 27, debut video capture 5.18 registration code testing (May 28, 2019)
Coccinelle
Semantic patching with Coccinelle (January 20, 2009)
Evolutionary development of a semantic patch using Coccinelle (March 30, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
Inside the mind of a Coccinelle programmer (August 31, 2016)
Forges
Pulling GitHub into the kernel process (June 23, 2021)
How Red Hat uses GitLab for kernel development (October 1, 2021)
Git
The guts of git (April 12, 2005)
A very quick guide to starting with git (April 20, 2005)
A couple of graphical git front ends (July 4, 2005)
Git approaches 1.0 (July windows 10 loader 2020, 2005)
Rebasing and merging: some git best practices (April 14, 2009)
Finding a patch's kernel version with git (June 16, 2010)
Git tree maintenance (October 29, 2013)
Rebasing and merging in kernel repositories (June 18, 2019)
"git request-pull" and confusing diffstats (October 21, 2019)
Handling messy pull-request diffstats (April 22, 2022)
Infrastructure
A kernel.org update (July 22, 2009)
KS2010: Kernel.org update (November 3, 2010)
Kernel development without kernel.org (September 13, 2011)
Where's that tree? (September 21, 2011)
The forest on the move (September 28, 2011)
Kernel.org's road to recovery (October 4, 2011)
KS2011: Kernel.org report (October 24, 2011)
A kernel.org update (October 29, 2013)
Kernel.org news: two-factor authentication and more (August 25, 2014)
Kernel debugging
The kernel lock validator (May 31, 2006)
Injecting faults into the kernel (November 14, 2006)
kmemcheck (November 27, 2007)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
Netoops (November 10, 2010)
Displaying QR codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
BPF-based error injection for the kernel (November 29, 2017)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Kernel tracing
Tracing infrastructures (September 19, 2006)
A generic tracing interface (September 19, 2007)
Tracing: no shortage of options (July 22, 2008)
Low-level tracing plumbing (September 30, 2008)
On the value of static tracepoints (April 28, 2009)
Dynamic probes with ftrace (July 28, 2009)
Fun with tracepoints (August 12, 2009)
TRACE_EVENT_ABI (September 30, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 1 (December 9, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 2 (December 22, 2009)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 1) (March 24, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 2) (March 31, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 3) (April 21, 2010)
ELC: Using LTTng (April 21, 2010)
One ring buffer to rule them all? (May 26, 2010)
trace-cmd: A front-end for Ftrace (October 20, 2010)
Conditional tracepoints (November 30, 2010)
Using KernelShark to analyze the real-time scheduler (February 2, 2011)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
LTTng rejection, next generation (December 14, 2011)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 1 (April 11, 2012)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 2 (April 18, 2012)
KS2012: Improving tracing and debugging (September 12, 2012)
Ktap — yet another kernel tracer (May 22, 2013)
Triggers for tracing (June 26, 2013)
Ktap almost gets into 3.13 (November 6, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace: The hidden light switch (August 13, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
KernelShark releases version 1.0 (July 31, 2019)
Unifying kernel tracing (October 30, 2019)
How to unbreak LTTng (April 20, 2020)
Comparing SystemTap and bpftrace (April 13, 2021)
kgdb
kgdb getting closer to being merged? (February 20, 2008)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Linux kernel memory model
Calibrating your fear of big bad optimizing compilers (October 11, 2019)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 1) (April 8, 2020)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 2) (April 14, 2020)
LLVM
LFCS: Building the kernel with Clang (May 4, 2011)
LFCS: The LLVMLinux project (May 7, 2013)
mmiotrace
Tracing memory-mapped I/O operations (February 26, 2008)
MMTests
Testing for kernel performance regressions (August 3, 2012)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
rt-app
Notes from the LPC scheduler microconference (September 18, 2017)
Rust
Supporting Linux debut video capture 5.18 registration code development in Rust (August 31, 2020)
Rust heads into the kernel? (April 21, 2021)
Rust for Linux redux (July 7, 2021)
The Rust for Linux project (September 16, 2021)
Key Rust concepts for the kernel (September 17, 2021)
More Rust concepts for the kernel (September 20, 2021)
Using Rust for kernel development (September 27, 2021)
The kernel radar: folios, multi-generational LRU, and Rust (January 20, 2022)
Rustaceans at the border (April 14, 2022)
A pair of Rust kernel modules (September 12, 2022)
The perils of pinning (September 15, 2022)
Next steps for Rust in the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Sparse
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Using sparse for endianness verification (October 25, 2006)
Sparse gets a maintainer (November 8, 2006)
Sparse: a look under the hood (June 8, 2016)
Static analysis
One year of Coverity work (August 20, 2014)
Static code checks for the kernel (April 13, 2016)
Smatch: pluggable static analysis for C (June 22, 2016)
Testing
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Kernel test automation with LTP (December 17, 2014)
Kernel testing (November 4, 2015)
Memory-management testing (April 27, 2016)
Notes from Linaro Connect (March 15, 2017)
Stack and driver testing (March 22, 2017)
Filesystem test suites (June 13, debut video capture 5.18 registration code, 2018)
A kernel unit-testing framework (March 1, 2019)
How many kernel test frameworks? (June 5, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
The 2019 Automated Testing Summit (November 13, 2019)
Preparing for the realtime future (September 9, 2020)
The runtime verification subsystem debut video capture 5.18 registration code 7, 2021)
Trinity
KS2012: Regression testing (August 30, 2012)
LCA: The Trinity fuzz tester (February 6, 2013)
Two sessions on kernel testing (October 29, 2013)
Trinity and memory management testing (March 26, 2014)
Undertaker
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
xfstests
Toward better testing (March 26, 2014)
devfs
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
The return of devfs (May 6, 2009)
Device drivers
Generic DMA pools (February 3, 2004)
The end of init_etherdev() and friends (March 2, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
NETIF_F_LLTX and race conditions (February 1, 2005)
HALs considered harmful (March 15, 2005)
RapidIO support for Linux (June 8, 2005)
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
ZONE_DMA32 (September 20, 2005)
Dynamic USB device IDs (November 21, 2005)
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
The Novell Partner Linux Driver Process (May 17, debut video capture 5.18 registration code drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
KS2007: Hardware support and the i386/x86_64 merger (September 6, 2007)
Linux driver project gets a full-time leader (October 3, 2007)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
A new suspend/hibernate infrastructure (March 19, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
UKUUG: Arnd Bergmann on interconnecting with PCIe (November 19, 2008)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
LCA: Graphics driver ponies (January 26, 2010)
The USB composite framework (July 14, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, 2010)
Deferred driver probing (July 7, 2011)
The pin control subsystem (November 22, 2011)
A firewall for device drivers (August 13, 2021)
Accelerators
Not-a-GPU accelerator drivers cross the line (August 26, 2021)
Requirements for accelerator drivers (September 27, 2021)
Synchronized GPU priority scheduling (October 22, 2021)
1 Million Serial Numbers of Different Softwares
A partir de uma investigação aos recursos de processamento de áudio digital em computadores tipo PC, este artigo de divulgação apresenta contribuições a uma normalização de procedimentos que viabilizem uma inclusão significativa de rotinas de produção em áudio digital no espaço escolar. Considerando o fato de que, muito embora, tal aparato não tenha se desenvolvido especificamente para as interações típicas da aula de música, verificou-se positiva a hipótese de uma possível inclusão de conhecimentos e habilidades na instrumentalização do professor que o capacite para tais usos. Essa aproximação analítica alcançou seus objetivos gerais circunstanciando técnicas e operações abrangentes para o uso dos recursos de áudio disponibilizados por esse tipo de tecnologia. Os experimentos se realizaram no “Estúdio Experimental” e no “Laboratório de Ensino da Área de Fundamentos da Linguagem Musical” do Departamento de Música do Centro de Artes da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, em estações de trabalho com configurações bastante simples e domésticas. “Som de Classe” resulta por fim numa contribuição à construção de um conceito de apropriação autoral, que se delineia a partir de rotinas de reações e atitudes onde o conteúdo fundamental daquilo “que se aprende/ensina” é justamente a maneira “como se aprende/ensina”. Essa apropriação dita autoral, é então percebida como uma capacitação resultante dos gestos e ações que lhe deram origem, onde a causa da sua proposição, fundação ou descoberta, se manteve permanentemente a cargo daquele sujeito professor de música em formação, que agora quer gravar os sons da e na sua sala de aula.
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TikTok
Chinese video-focused social network
For the film, see TikTok (film). For the song by American singer Kesha, see Tik Tok (song). For other uses, see Tick tock (disambiguation).
TikTok, known in China as Douyin (Chinese: 抖音; pinyin: Dǒuyīn), is a short-form videohosting service owned by Chinese company ByteDance.[2] It hosts a variety of short-form user videos, from genres like pranks, stunts, tricks, jokes, dance, and entertainment[3][4] with durations from 15 seconds to ten minutes.[5][6][7][8] TikTok is an international version of Douyin, which was originally released in the Chinese market in September 2016.[9] TikTok was launched in 2017 for iOS and Android in most markets outside of mainland China; however, it became available worldwide only after merging with another Chinese social media service, Musical.ly, on 2 August 2018.
TikTok and Douyin have almost the same user interface but no access to each other's content. Their servers are each based in the market where the respective app is available.[10] The two products are similar, but their features are not identical. Douyin includes an in-video search feature that can search by people's faces for more videos of them and other features such as buying, booking hotels and making geo-tagged reviews.[11] Since their launch in 2016, TikTok and Douyin rapidly gained popularity in virtually all parts of the world.[12][13] TikTok surpassed 2 billion mobile downloads worldwide in October 2020.[14][15][16]
Morning Consult ranked TikTok as the third fastest growing brand of 2020, after only Zoom and Peacock.[17]Cloudflare ranked TikTok as the most popular website of 2021, surpassing Google.[18]
TikTok has been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction, as well as controversies over inappropriate content, misinformation, censorship and moderation, and user privacy.
History
Evolution
Douyin was launched by ByteDance in Beijing, China in September 2016, originally under the name A.me, before rebranding to Douyin (抖音) in December 2016.[19][20] ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, Zhang Yiming, stated that "China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don’t expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must."[21] Douyin was developed in 200 days and within a year had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos viewed every day.[22][23]
The app was launched as TikTok in the international market in September 2017.[24] On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked first among free application downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.[25]
TikTok has been downloaded more than 130 million times in the United States and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide,[26][27] according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower (those numbers exclude Android users in China).[28]
In the United States, celebrities, including Jimmy Fallon and Tony Hawk, began using the app in 2018.[29][30] Other celebrities, including Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok as well and many other celebrities have followed.[31]
On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership.[32] The agreement occurred just two days before the NFL's 100th season kick-off at Soldier Field, where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account, which is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges. In July 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, reported close to 800 million monthly active users worldwide after less than four years of existence.[33]
In May 2021, TikTok appointed Shou Zi Chew as their new CEO[34] who assumed the position from interim CEO Vanessa Pappas, following the resignation of Kevin A. Mayer on 27 August 2020.[35][36][37] On 3 August 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to ban TikTok in the United States on 15 September if negotiations for the company to be bought by Microsoft or a different "very American" company failed.[38] On 6 August, Trump signed two executive orders banning U.S. "transactions" with TikTok and WeChat to its respective parent companies ByteDance and Tencent, set to take effect 45 days after the signing.[39] A planned ban of the app on 20 September 2020[40][41] was postponed by a week and then blocked by a federal judge.[42][43][44][45] President Biden revoked the ban in a new executive order in June 2021.[46] The app has been banned by the government of India since June 2020 along with 223 other Chinese apps in view of privacy concerns.[47]Pakistan banned TikTok citing "immoral" and "indecent" videos on 9 October 2020 but reversed its ban ten days later.[48][49][50] In March 2021, a Pakistani court ordered a new TikTok ban due to complaints over "indecent" content.
In September 2021, TikTok reported that it had reached 1 billion users.[51] In 2021, TikTok earned $4 billion in advertising revenue.[52]
Musical.ly merger
Further information: Musical.ly
On 9 November 2017, TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, spent up to the U.S. $1 billion to purchase musical.ly, a startup headquartered in Shanghai with an overseas office in Santa Monica, California, U.S.[53] Musical.ly was a social media video platform that allowed users to create short lip-sync and comedy videos, initially released in August 2014. It was well known, especially to the younger audience. Looking forward to leveraging the U.S. digital platform's young user base, TikTok merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018 to create a larger video community, with existing accounts and data consolidated into one app, keeping the title TikTok.[55] This ended musical.ly and made TikTok a worldwide app, excluding China, since China already has Douyin.[56][57]
Expansion in other markets
As of 2018, TikTok was available in more than 150 markets, and in 75 languages.[58][59] TikTok was downloaded more than 104 million times on Apple'sApp Store during the full first half of 2018, according to data provided to CNBC by Sensor Tower.[60]
After merging with musical.ly in August, downloads increased and TikTok became the most downloaded app in the U.S. in October 2018, which musical.ly had done once before.[61][62] In February 2019, TikTok, together with Douyin, hit one billion downloads globally, excluding Android installs in China.[63] In 2019, media outlets cited TikTok as the 7th-most-downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[64] It was also the most-downloaded app on Apple's App Store in 2018 and 2019, surpassing Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.[65][66] In September 2020, a deal was confirmed between ByteDance and Oracle in which the latter will serve as a partner to provide cloud hosting.[67][68]Walmart intends to invest in TikTok.[69] This deal would stall in 2021 as newly elected President Biden's Justice Department put a hold on the previous U.S. ban under President Trump.[70][71][72] In November 2020, TikTok signed a licensing deal with Sony Music.[73] In December 2020, Warner Music Group signed a licensing deal with TikTok.[74][75][76] In April 2021, Abu Dhabi's Department of Culture and Tourism partnered with TikTok to promote tourism.[77] It came following the January 2021 winter campaign, initiated through a partnership between the UAE Government Media Office partnered and TikTok to promote the country's tourism.[78]
Since 2014, the first non-gaming apps[79] with more than 3 billion downloads were Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger; all of these apps belong to Meta. TikTok was the first non-Facebook app to reach that figure. App market research firm Sensor Tower reported that although TikTok had been banned in India, its largest market, in June 2020, downloads in the rest of the world continue to increase, reaching 3 billion downloads in 2021.[80]
Features
The TikTok mobile app allows users to create short videos, which often feature music in the background and can be sped up, slowed down, or edited with a filter.[81] They can also add their own sound on top of the background music. To create a music video with the app, users can choose background music from a wide variety of music genres, edit with a filter and record a 15-second video with speed adjustments before uploading it to share with others on TikTok or other social platforms.[82] They can also film short lip-sync videos to popular songs.
The "For You" page on TikTok is a feed of videos that are recommended to users based on their activity on the app. Content is generated by TikTok's artificial intelligence (AI) depending on the content a user liked, interacted with, or searched. This is in contrast to other social networks' algorithms basing such content off of the user's relationships with other users and what they liked or interacted with.[83]
The app's "react" feature allows users to film their reaction to a specific video, over which it is placed in a small window that is movable around the screen.[84] Its "duet" feature allows users to film a video aside from another video.[85] The "duet" feature was another trademark of musical.ly. The duet feature is also only able to be used if both parties adjust the privacy settings.[86]
Videos that users do not want to post yet can be stored in their "drafts." The user is allowed to see their "drafts" and post when they find it fitting.[87] The app allows users to set their accounts as "private." When first downloading the app, the user's account is public by default. The user can change to private in their settings. Private content remains visible to TikTok but is blocked from TikTok users who the account holder has not authorized to view their content.[88] Users can choose whether any other user, or only their "friends," may interact with them through the app via comments, messages, or "react" or "duet" videos.[84] Users also can set specific videos to either "public," "friends only," or "private" regardless if the account is private or not.[88]
Users can also send their friends videos, emojis, and messages with direct messaging. TikTok has also included a feature to create a video based on the user's comments. Influencers often use the "live" feature. This feature is only available for those who have at least 1,000 followers and are over 16 years old. If over 18, the user's followers can send virtual "gifts" that can be later exchanged for money.[89][90]
One of the newest features as of 2020 is the "Virtual Items" of "Small Gestures" feature. This is based on China's big practice of social gifting. Since this feature was added, many beauty companies and brands created a TikTok account to participate in and advertise this feature. With COVID-19 lockdown in the United States, social gifting has grown in popularity. According to a TikTok representative, the campaign was launched as a result of the lockdown, "to build a sense of support and encouragement with the TikTok community during these tough times."[91]
TikTok announced a "family safety mode" in February 2020 for parents to be able to control their children's digital well-being. There is a screen time management option, restricted mode, and can put a limit on direct messages.[92][93]
The app expanded its parental controls feature called "Family Pairing" in September 2020 to provide parents and guardians with educational resources to understand what children on TikTok are exposed to. Content for the feature was created in partnership with online safety nonprofit, Internet Matters.[94]
In October 2021, TikTok launched a test feature that allows users to directly tip certain creators. Accounts of users that are of age, have at least 100,000 followers and agree to the terms can activate a "Tip" button on their profile, which allows followers to tip any amount, starting from $1.[95]
In December 2021, TikTok started beta-testing Live Studio, a streaming software that would let users broadcast applications open on their computers, including games. The software also launched with support for mobile and PC streaming.[96] However, a few days later, users on Twitter discovered that the software allegedly uses code from the open-source OBS Studio. OBS made a statement saying that, under the GNU GPL version 2, TikTok has to make the code of Live Studio publicly available if it wants to use any code from OBS.[97]
In May 2022, TikTok announced TikTok Pulse, an ad revenue-sharing program. It covers the "top 4% of all videos on TikTok" and is only available to creators with more than 100,000 followers. If an eligible creator's video reaches the top 4%, they will receive a 50% share of the revenue from ads displayed with the video.[98]
Content and usage
Demographics
See also: List of most-followed TikTok accounts
TikTok tends to appeal to younger users, as 41% of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24. Among these TikTok users, 90% say they use the app daily.[99] TikTok's geographical use has shown that 43% of new users are from India.[100] As of the first quarter of 2022, there were over 100 million monthly active users in the United States and 23 million in the UK. The average user, daily, was spending 1 hour and 25 minutes on the app and opening TikTok 17 times.[101]
Viral trends
Further information: TikTok food trends
A variety of trends have risen within TikTok, including memes, lip-synced songs, and comedy videos. Duets, a feature that allows users to add their own video to an existing video with the original content's audio, have sparked many of these trends.
Trends are shown on TikTok's explore page or the page with the search logo. The page enlists the trending hashtags and challenges among the app. Some include #posechallenge, #filterswitch, #dontjudgemechallenge, #homedecor, #hitormiss, #bottlecapchallenge and more. In June 2019, the company introduced the hashtag #EduTok which received 37 billion views. Following this development, the company initiated partnerships with edtech startups to create educational content on the platform.[102]
The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[103] Many stars got their start on musical.ly, which merged with TikTok on 2 August 2018. These users include Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Kristen Hancher, Zach King, Lisa and Lena, Jacob Sartorius, and many others. Loren Gray remained the most-followed individual on TikTok until Charli D’Amelio surpassed her on 25 March 2020. Gray's was the first TikTok account to reach 40 million followers on the platform. She was surpassed with 41.3 million followers. D'Amelio was the first to ever reach 50, 60, and 70 million followers. Charli D’Amelio remained the most-followed individual on the platform until she was surpassed by Khaby Lame on June 23, 2022. Other creators rose to fame after the platform merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018.[104]
One notable TikTok trend is the "hit or miss" meme, which began from a snippet of iLOVEFRiDAY's song "Mia Khalifa." The song has been used in over four million TikTok videos and helped introduce the app to a larger Western audience.[105][106] TikTok also played a major part in making "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X one of the biggest songs of 2019 and the longest-running number-one song in the history of the US Billboard Hot 100.[107][108][109]
TikTok has allowed many music artists to gain a wider audience, often including foreign fans. For example, despite never having toured in Asia, the band Fitz and the Tantrums developed a large following in South Korea following the widespread popularity of their 2016 song "HandClap" on the platform.[110] "Any Song" by R&B and rap artist Zico became number one on the Korean music charts due to the popularity of the #anysongchallenge, where users dance to the choreography of the song.[111] The platform has also launched many songs that failed to garner initial commercial success into sleeper hits, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.[112][113] However, it has received some criticism for not paying royalties to artists whose music is used on the platform.[106] In 2020, more than 176 different songs surpassed one billion video views on TikTok.[114]
In June 2020, TikTok users and K-pop fans "claimed to have registered potentially hundreds of thousands of tickets" for President Trump's campaign rally in Tulsa through communication on TikTok,[115] contributing to "rows of empty seats"[116] at the event. Later, in October 2020, an organization called TikTok for Biden was created to support then-presidential candidate Joe Biden.[117] After the election, the organization was renamed to Gen-Z for Change.[118][119]
TikTok has banned Holocaust denial, but other conspiracy theories have become popular on the platform, such as Pizzagate and QAnon (two conspiracy theories popular among the U.S. alt-right) whose hashtags reached almost 80 million views and 50 million views respectively by June 2020.[120] The platform has also been used to spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as clips from Plandemic.[120] TikTok removed some of these videos and has generally added links to accurate COVID-19 information on videos with tags related to the pandemic.[121]
On 10 August 2020, Emily Jacobssen wrote and sang "Ode To Remy," a song praising the protagonist from Pixar's 2007 computer-animated film named Ratatouille. The song rose to popularity when musician Daniel Mertzlufft composed a backing track to the song. In response, began creating a "crowdsourced" project called Ratatouille The Musical. Since Mertzlufft's video, many new elements including costume design, additional songs, and a playbill have been created.[122] On 1 January 2021, a full one-hour virtual presentation of Ratatouille the Musical premiered on the TodayTix. It starred Titus Burgess as Remy, Wayne Brady as Django, Adam Lambert as Emile, Chamberlin as Gusteau, Andrew Barth Feldman as Linguini, Ashley Park as Colette, Priscilla Lopez as Mabel, Mary Testa as Skinner, and André De Shields as Ego.
Several food trends have emerged on the platform, such as Dalgona coffee.
Another TikTok usage that corresponds with engagement and bonds people in society is the use of "challenges." These could be on any related topic such as dances or cooking certain meals. People see other people doing something that is trending and then it continues to spread until it is a viral trend that connects people from all over.[123]
While TikTok has primarily been used for entertainment purposes, TikTok may soon have another use, that of a job resource with the idea that prospective employment seekers would send in videos rather than traditional resumes. The form would most likely be a job search add-on. TikTok has had favorable results in the past with people using the site to find jobs and may be expanding that need, especially in the newer generations.[124]
Alt TikTok
Around mid-2020, some of the users on the platform started to differentiate between the "alt", "elite", or "deep" side of TikTok, seen as having more alternative and queer users, and the "straight" side of TikTok, seen as the mainstream.[125]Hyperpop music, including artists like 100 Gecs, became widely used on Alt TikTok, complementing the bright and colourful "Indie Kid" aesthetic.[126] Alt TikTok was also accompanied by memes with surrealist or supernatural themes (sometimes being described as cursed), such as videos with heavy saturation and humanoid animals.[127] One of the popular videos from Alt TikTok, gaining 18 million likes, shows a llama dancing to a cover of a song from a Russian commercial by the cereal brand Miel Pops, later becoming a viral audio.[128][129] Some Alt TikTok users personified brands and products in what some referred to as Retail TikTok.[127]
Profile picture cults
Another popular trend on TikTok is a large number of users putting the same image as their profile picture, known as a profile picture cult or a TikTokcult. Popular examples include "The Step Chickens" (started by the user @chunkysdead),[130] "The Hamster Cult" and the "Lana Del Rey Cult".[131]
Influencer marketing
TikTok has provided a platform for users to create content not only for fun but also for money. As the platform has grown significantly over the past few years, it has allowed companies to advertise and rapidly reach their intended demographic through influencer marketing.[132] The platform's AI algorithm also contributes to the influencer marketing potential, as it picks out content according to the user's preference.[133] Sponsored content is not as prevalent on the platform as it is on other social media apps, but brands and influencers still can make as much as they would if not more in comparison to other platforms.[133] Influencers on the platform who earn money through engagement, such as likes and comments, are referred to as "meme machines."[132]
In 2021, The New York Times reported that viral TikTok videos by young people relating the emotional impact of books on them, tagged with the label "BookTok," significantly drove sales of literature. Publishers were increasingly using the platform as a venue for influencer marketing.[134]
Use by businesses
In October 2020, the e-commerce platform Shopify added TikTok to its portfolio of social media platforms, allowing online merchants to sell their products directly to consumers on TikTok.[135]
Some small businesses have used TikTok to advertise and to reach an audience wider than the geographical region they would normally serve. The viral response to many small business TikTok videos has been attributed to TikTok's algorithm, which shows content that viewers at large are drawn to, but which they are unlikely to actively search for (such as videos on unconventional types of businesses, like beekeeping and logging).[136]
In 2020, digital media companies such as Group Nine Media and Global used TikTok increasingly, focusing on tactics such as brokering partnerships with TikTok influencers and developing branded content campaigns.[137] Notable collaborations between larger brands and top TikTok influencers have included Chipotle's partnership with David Dobrik in May 2019[138] and Dunkin' Donuts' partnership with Charli D'Amelio in September 2020.[139]
Collab houses
Popular TikTok users have lived collectively in collab houses, predominantly in the Los Angeles area.[140]
Bans and attempted bans
Iran
Iranians cannot access TikTok because of both TikTok rules and Iranian censorship.[141]
India
The Indian Government banned TikTok along with 58 other mobile apps with Chinese developers or investors, including WeChat, UC Browser and PUBG on 29 June 2020.[142][143] The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released a statement saying the apps were "prejudicial to sovereignty and integrity of India, defence of India, security of state and public order."[144][143] It was extended to 47 other apps which the ministry claimed were clones or variants of the banned apps.[143] The ban on TikTok and the 58 other apps was made permanent in January 2021.[145] In February 2021, TikTok announced that due to the ban it will be forced to lay off over 2,000 employees in India.[146]
Bangladesh
In June 2021, Law and Life Foundation, a human rights organization, issued a legal notice to the Bangladeshi government that sought the prohibition of “dangerous and harmful" applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire, but failed to obtain a response. Soon thereafter, Law and Life Foundation’s lawyers filed a petition with the High Court, sharing the organization’s concerns. In August 2020, the High Court encouraged the Bangladeshi government to prohibit “dangerous and harmful” applications such as TikTok, PUBG, and Free Fire to “save children and adolescents from moral and social degradation.”[147]
Recently more than 2.6 million videos were removed from Bangladesh, according to its recently released Community Guidelines Report for Q4 2021 (October–December 2021). According to the report, Bangladesh ranked 7th worldwide for the largest volume of videos taken down for Community Guidelines violations between October 1, 2021, to December 30, 2021.[148]
United States
Main article: Donald Trump–TikTok controversy
On 6 August 2020, then U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order[149][150] which would ban TikTok transactions in 45 days if it was not sold by ByteDance. Trump also signed a similar order against the WeChat application owned by the Chinese multinational company Tencent.[151][41]
On 14 August 2020, Trump issued another order[152][153] giving ByteDance 90 days to sell or spin off its U.S. TikTok business.[154] In the order, Trump said that there is "credible evidence" that leads him to believe that ByteDance "might take action that threatens to impair the national security of the United States."[155] Donald Trump was concerned about TikTok being a threat because TikTok's parent company was rumored to be taking United States user data and reporting it back to Chinese operations through the company ByteDance.[156] As of 2021, there is still the fear that TikTok is not protecting the privacy of its users and may be giving their data away.[157]
TikTok considered selling the American portion of its business and held talks with companies including Microsoft, Walmart, and Oracle.[158]
On 18 September, TikTok filed a lawsuit, TikTok v. Trump. On 23 September 2020, TikTok filed a request for a preliminary injunction to prevent the app from being banned by the Trump administration.[159] U.S. judge Carl J. Nichols temporarily blocked the Trump administration order that would effectively ban TikTok from being downloaded in U.S. app stores starting midnight on 27 September 2020. Nichols allowed the app to remain available in the U.S. app stores but declined to block the additional Commerce Department restrictions that could have a larger impact on TikTok's operations in the U.S. These restrictions were set to take place on 12 November 2020.[160]
Three TikTok influencers filed a lawsuit, Marland v. Trump.[161] On 30 October, Pennsylvania judge Wendy Beetlestone ruled against the Commerce Department, blocking them from restricting TikTok.[161] On 12 November, the Commerce Department stated that it would obey the Pennsylvania ruling and that it would not try to enforce the restrictions against TikTok that had been scheduled for 12 November.[161]
The Commerce Department appealed the original ruling in TikTok v. Trump. On 7 December, Washington D.C. district court judge Carl J. Nichols issued a preliminary injunction against the Commerce Department, preventing them from imposing restrictions on TikTok.[162][163][164]
In June 2021, new president Joe Biden signed an executive order revoking the Trump administration ban on TikTok, and instead ordered the Secretary of Commerce to investigate the app to determine if it poses a threat to U.S. national security.[165]
In June 2022, reports emerged that ByteDance employees in China could access US data and repeatedly accessed the private information of TikTok users,[166][167][168] TikTok employees were cited saying that "everything is seen in China," while one director claimed a Beijing-based engineer referred to as a "Master Admin" has "access to everything."[166][169][170]
Following the reports, TikTok announced that 100% of its US user traffic is now being routed to Oracle Cloud, along with their intention to delete all US user data from their own data centers.[167][169] This deal stems from the talks with Oracle instigated in September 2020 in the midst of Trump's threat to ban TikTok in the US.[171][172][170]
In June 2022, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr called for Google and Apple to remove TikTok from their app stores, citing national security concerns, saying TikTok "harvests swaths of sensitive data that new reports show are being accessed in Beijing."[173][166]
However, back in March 2022, Bytedance and Oracle negotiated Oracle to take over TikTok's US data storage. After BuzzFeed said China-based employees may have access to US private data, TikTok responded that all US private data are being stored in Oracle's servers.[174] In June 2022, TikTok said that it was moving all of the data produced by its American users through servers controlled by Oracle and it will not expose the personal information of Americans to the Chinese government.[175]
Indonesia
TikTok has been intermittently blocked in Indonesia on different bases.[176][177]
Pakistan
On 11 October 2020, Pakistan became the next country to ban the social media platform after not complying with issues regarding the content on the platform brought up by their government.[178] TikTok representatives have spoken with Pakistani officials in hopes of building better relations and allowing the people of Pakistan to create on the platform.[178]
Afghanistan
In April 2022, a spokesman for the Taliban government stated that the app will be banned for 'misleading the younger generation' and that TikTok's content was 'not consistent with Islamic laws'.[179]
Controversies
Addiction concerns
There are concerns that some users may find it hard to stop using TikTok.[180] In April 2018, an addiction-reduction feature was added to Douyin.[180] This encouraged users to take a break every 90 minutes.[180] Later in 2018, the feature was rolled out to the TikTok app. TikTok uses some top influencers such as Gabe Erwin, Alan Chikin Chow, James Henry, and Cosette Rinab to encourage viewers to stop using the app and take a break.[181]
Many were also concerned with the app affecting users' attention spans due to the short-form nature of the content. This is a concern as many of TikTok's audience are younger children, whose brains are still developing.[182] TikTok executives & representatives have noted and made aware to advertisers on the platform that users have poor attention spans. With a large amount of video content, nearly 50% of users find it stressful to watch a video longer than a minute and a third of users watch videos at double speed.[101]
In June 2022, TikTok introduced the ability to set a maximum uninterrupted screen time allowance, after which the app blocks off the ability to navigate the feed. The block only lifts after the app is exited and left unused for a set period of time. Additionally, the app features a dashboard with statistics on how often the app is opened, how much time is spent browsing it and when the browsing occurs.[183]
Content concerns
Some countries have shown concerns regarding the content on TikTok, as their cultures view it as obscene, immoral, vulgar, and encouraging pornography. There have been temporary blocks and warnings issued by countries including Indonesia,[176]Bangladesh,[177]India,[184] and Pakistan[185][186] over the content concerns. In 2018, Douyin was reprimanded by Chinese media watchdogs for showing "unacceptable" content.[187]
On 27 July 2020, Egypt sentenced five women to two years in prison over TikTok videos. One of the women had encouraged other women to try and earn money on the platform, another woman was sent to prison for dancing. The court also imposed a fine of 300,000 Egyptian pounds (UK£14,600) on each defendant.[188]
Concerns have been voiced regarding content relating to, and the promotion and spreading of, hateful words and far-right extremism, such as anti-semitism, racism, and xenophobia. Some videos were shown to expressly deny the existence of the Holocaust and told viewers to take up arms and fight in the name of white supremacy and the swastika.[189] As TikTok has gained popularity among young children,[190] and the popularity of extremist and hateful content is growing, calls for tighter restrictions on their flexible boundaries have been made. TikTok has since released tougher parental controls to filter out inappropriate content and to ensure they can provide sufficient protection and security.[191]
A viral TikTok trend known as "devious licks" involves students vandalizing or stealing school property and posting videos of the action on the platform. The trend has led to increasing school vandalism and subsequent measures taken by some schools to prevent damage. Some students have been arrested for participating in the trend.[192][193] TikTok has taken measures to remove and prevent access to content displaying the trend.[194]
The Wall Street Journal has reported that doctors experienced a surge in reported cases of tics, tied to an increasing number of TikTok videos from content creators with Tourette syndrome. Doctors suggested that the cause may be a social one as users who consumed content showcasing various tics would sometimes develop tics of their own.[195]
In March 2022, the Washington Post reported that Facebook owner Meta Platforms had paid Targeted Victory—a consulting firm backed by supporters of the U.S. Republican Party—to coordinate lobbying and media campaigns against TikTok to portray it as "a danger to American children and society", primarily to counter criticism of Facebook's own services. This included op-eds and letters to the editor in regional publications, the amplification of "dubious local news stories citing TikTok as the origin of dangerous teen trends" (such as the aforementioned "devious licks", and an alleged "Slap a Teacher" challenge), including those whose initial development actually began on Facebook, and the similar promotion of "proactive coverage" of Facebook corporate initiatives.[196]
Racial bias
Numerous examples of White TikTokers appropriating content that was created initially by Black content creators have been noted on the platform. In June 2021, the New York Times published an investigation into the practice as part of the Hulu documentary, Who Gets to be an Influencer?[197]
In July 2021, after Megan Thee Stallion released "Thot Shit," there was a general strike by Black TikTokers who refused to make dances to it as they normally would, in protest of the inequity of compensation for Black creators and white creators who appropriated the Black creators' content.[198]
Misinformation
See also: COVID-19 misinformation
In January 2020, left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters for America said that TikTok hosted misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic despite a recent policy against misinformation.[199] In April 2020, the government of India asked TikTok to remove users posting misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[200] There were also multiple conspiracy theories that the government is involved with the spread of the pandemic.[201] As a response to this, TikTok launched a feature to report content for misinformation.[202]
To combat misinformation in the 2022 midterm election in the US, TikTok announced a midterms Elections Center available in-app to users in 40 different languages. TikTok partnered with the National Association of Secretaries of State to give accurate local information to users.[203]
Misinformation when searching on TikTok
Based on NewsGuard's Misinformation Monitor published in September 2022, the search feature on TikTok surfaces misinformation in 20% of the cases. The fact-checking organisation analyzed 540 videos and found 105 to contain "false or misleading claims."[204] The questionable videos included harmful misleading information about various topics, including homemade recipes for hydroxychloroquine and abortion, 2020 US election integrity and the death toll of the war in Ukraine.
Content censorship and moderation by the platform
Main article: Censorship on TikTok
TikTok's censorship policy has been criticized as non-transparent.[205] Criticism of leaders such as Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi[206] and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[207] has been suppressed by the platform, as well as information relating to the Xinjiang internment camps and the Uyghur genocide.[208][209] Internal documents have revealed that moderators suppress posts created by users deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled" for the platform, and censor political speech on livestreams.[210][211][212] TikTok moderators have also blocked content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBT people.[207][213]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TikTok banned new Russian posts and livestreams.[214][215][216] However, a study by Tracking Exposed found out that TikTok had blocked all non-Russian content but has continued to host old videos uploaded by Russia-based accounts and permitted Russian state media to continue posting, described as establishing a "splinternet" within a global social media platform.[217] TikTok's vague censorship has permitted pro-Kremlin news but blocked foreign accounts and critics of the war, as a result "Russians are left with a frozen TikTok, dominated by pro-war content".[218][219]
ISIL propaganda
Main article: Use of social media by the Islamic State
In October 2019, TikTok removed about two dozen accounts that were responsible for posting ISIL propaganda on the app.[220][221]
User privacy concerns
Privacy concerns have also been brought up regarding the app.[222][223] In its privacy policy, TikTok lists that it collects usage information, IP addresses, a user's mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data.[224][225] Web developers Talal Haj Bakry and Tommy Mysk said that allowing videos and other content to be shared by the app's users through HTTP puts the users' data privacy at risk.[226]
In January 2020, Check Point Research discovered a security flaw in TikTok which could have allowed hackers access to user accounts using SMS.[227] In February, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman criticised the app, calling it "spyware," and stating "I look at that app as so fundamentally parasitic, that it's always listening, the fingerprinting technology they use is truly terrifying, and I could not bring myself to install an app like that on my phone."[228][229] Responding to Huffman's comments, TikTok stated, "These are baseless accusations made without a shred of evidence."[224]Wells Fargo banned the app from its devices due to privacy and security concerns.[230]
In May 2020, the Dutch Data Protection Authority announced an investigation into TikTok in relation to privacy protections for children.[231][232] In June 2020, the European Data Protection Board announced that it would assemble a task force to examine TikTok's user privacy and security practices.[233]
In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok tracked Android user data, including MAC addresses and IMEIs, with a tactic in violation of Google's policies.[234][235] The report sparked calls in the U.S. Senate for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to launch an investigation.[236]
In June 2021, TikTok updated its privacy policy to include a collection of biometric data, including "faceprints and voiceprints."[237] Some experts reacted by calling the terms of collection and data use "vague" and "highly problematic."[238] The same month, CNBC reported that former employees had stated that "the boundaries between TikTok and ByteDance were so blurry as to be almost non-existent" and that "ByteDance employees are able to access U.S. user data" on TikTok.[239]
In October 2021, following the Facebook Files and controversies about social media ethics, a bipartisan group of lawmakers also pressed TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat on questions of data privacy and moderation for age-appropriate content. The New York Times reported, "Lawmakers also hammered [head of U.S. policy at TikTok] Mr. Beckerman about whether TikTok’s Chinese ownership could expose consumer data to Beijing," stating that "Critics have long argued that the company would be obligated to turn Americans’ data over to the Chinese government if asked."[240] TikTok told U.S. lawmakers it does not give information to China's government. TikTok's representative stated that TikTok's data is stored in the U.S. with backups in Singapore. According to the company's representative, TikTok had 'no affiliation' with the subsidiary Beijing ByteDance Technology, in which the Chinese government has a minority stake and board seat.[241]
In June 2022, BuzzFeed News reported that leaked audio recordings of internal TikTok meetings revealed that certain China-based employees of the company maintain full access to overseas data.[242][243]
In August 2022, Software engineer and security researcher Felix Krause found that the TikTok software contained keylogger functionality.[244]
In September 2022, during testimony to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, TikTok's COO stated that the company could not commit to stopping data transfers from US users to China. The COO reacted to concerns of the company's handling of user data by stating that TikTok does not operate in China, though the company does have an office there.[245]
U.S. COPPA fines
See also: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
On 27 February 2019, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) fined ByteDance U.S.$5.7 million for collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act.[246] ByteDance responded by adding a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on others' videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[247] In May 2020, an advocacy group filed a complaint with the FTC saying that TikTok had violated the terms of the February 2019 consent decree, which sparked subsequent Congressional calls for a renewed FTC investigation.[248][249][250][251] In July 2020, it was reported that the FTC and the United States Department of Justice had initiated investigations.[252]
UK Information Commissioner's Office investigation
In February 2019, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office launched an investigation of TikTok following the fine ByteDance received from the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Speaking to a parliamentary committee, Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said that the investigation focuses on the issues of private data collection, the kind of videos collected and shared by children online, as well as the platform's open messaging system which allows any adult to message any child. She noted that the company was potentially violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which requires the company to provide different services and different protections for children.[253]
Italian Data Protection Authority
On 22 January 2021, the Italian Data Protection Authority ordered the blocking of the use of the data of users whose age has not been established on the social network.[254][255] The order was issued after the death of a 10-year-old Sicilian girl, which occurred after the execution of a challenge shared by users of the platform that involved attempting to choke the user with a belt around the neck. The block is set to remain in place until 15 February, when it will be re-evaluated.[256][needs update]
Ireland Data Protection Commission
In September 2021, the Ireland Data Protection Commissioner opened investigations into TikTok concerning the protection of minors' data and transfers of personal data to China.[257][258]
Texas Attorney General investigation
In February 2022, the incumbent Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, initiated an investigation into TikTok for alleged violations of children's privacy and facilitation of human trafficking.[259][260] Paxton claimed that the Texas Department of Public Safety gathered several pieces of content showing the attempted recruitment of teenagers to smuggle people or goods across the Mexico–United States border. He claimed the evidence may prove the company's involvement in "human smuggling, sex trafficking and drug trafficking." The company claimed that no illegal activity of any kind is supported on the platform.[261]
Cyberbullying
As with other platforms,[262] journalists in several countries have raised privacy concerns about the app because it is popular with children and has the potential to be used by sexual predators.[262][263][264][265]
Several users have reported endemic cyberbullying on TikTok,[266][267] including racism[268] and ableism.[269][270][271] In December 2019, following a report by German digital rights group Netzpolitik.org, TikTok admitted that it had suppressed videos by disabled users as well as LGBTQ+ users in a purported effort to limit cyberbullying.[272][210] TikTok's moderators were also told to suppress users with "abnormal body shape," "ugly facial looks," "too many wrinkles," or in "slums, rural fields" and "dilapidated housing" to prevent bullying.[273]
In 2021, the platform revealed that it will be introducing a feature that will prevent teenagers from receiving notifications past their bedtime. The company will no longer send push notifications after 9 PM to users aged between 13 and 15. For 16 to 17 year olds, notifications will not be sent after 10 PM.[274]
Microtransactions
TikTok has received criticism for enabling children to purchase coins which they can send to other users.[275]
Impact on mental health
In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that "Mental-health professionals around the country are growing increasingly concerned about the effects on teen girls of posting sexualized TikTok videos."[276] In March 2022, a coalition of U.S. state attorneys general launched an investigation into TikTok's effect on children's mental health.[277]
Workplace conditions
Several former employees of the company have claimed of poor workplace conditions, including the start of the workweek on Sunday to cooperate with Chinese timezones and excessive workload. Employees claimed they averaged 85 hours of meetings per week and would frequently stay up all night in order to complete tasks. Some employees claimed the workplace's schedule operated similarly to the 996 schedule. The company has a stated policy of working from 10 AM to 7 PM five days per week (63 hours per week), but employees noted that it was encouraged for employees to work after hours. One female worker complained that the company did not allow her adequate time to change her feminine hygiene product because of back-to-back meetings. Another employee noted that working at the company caused her to seek marriage therapy and lose an unhealthy amount of weight.[278] In response to the allegations, the company noted that they were committed to allowing employees "support and flexibility."[279][280]
Legal issues
Tencent lawsuits
Tencent's WeChat platform has been accused of blocking Douyin's videos.[281][282] In April 2018, Douyin sued Tencent and accused it of spreading false and damaging information on its WeChat platform, demanding CN¥1 million in compensation and an apology. In June 2018, Tencent filed a lawsuit against Toutiao and Douyin in a Beijing court, alleging they had repeatedly defamed Tencent with negative news and damaged its reputation, seeking a nominal sum of CN¥1 in compensation and a public apology.[283] In response, Toutiao filed a complaint the following day against Tencent for allegedly unfair competition and asking for CN¥90 million in economic losses.[284]
Data transfer class action lawsuit
In November 2019, a class action lawsuit was filed in California that alleged that TikTok transferred personally identifiable information of U.S. persons to servers located in China owned by Tencent and Alibaba.[285][286][287] The lawsuit also accused ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, of taking user content without their permission. The plaintiff of the lawsuit, college student Misty Hong, downloaded the app but said she never created an account. She realized a few months later that TikTok has created an account for her using her information (such as biometrics) and made a summary of her information. The lawsuit also alleged that information was sent to Chinese tech giant Baidu.[288] In July 2020, twenty lawsuits against TikTok were merged into a single class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.[289] In February 2021, TikTok agreed to pay $92 million to settle the class action lawsuit.[290]
Voice actor lawsuit
In May 2021, Canadian voice actor Bev Standing filed a lawsuit against TikTok over the use of her voice in the text-to-speech feature without her permission. The lawsuit was filed in the Southern District of New York. TikTok declined to comment. Standing believes that TikTok used recordings she made for the Chinese government-run Institute of Acoustics.[291] The voice used in the feature was subsequently changed.[292]
Market Information Research Foundation lawsuit
In June 2021, the Netherlands-based Market Information Research Foundation (SOMI) filed a €1.4 billion lawsuit on behalf of Dutch parents against TikTok, alleging that the app gathers data on children without adequate permission.[293]
Blackout Challenge lawsuits
Multiple lawsuits have been filed against TikTok, accusing the platform of hosting content that led to the death of at least seven children. The lawsuits claim that children died after attempting the Blackout Challenge - a TikTok trend that involves strangling someone until they black out. TikTok stated that search queries for the challenge do not show any results, linking instead to protective resources, while the parents of two of the deceased argued that the content showed up on their children's TikTok feeds, without them searching for it.[294]
See also
References
- ^"TikTok - Make Your Day". iTunes. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^Isaac, Mike (8 October 2020). "U.S. Appeals Injunction Against TikTok Ban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"Top categories on TikTok by hashtag views 2020". Statista. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^Bailey, John (7 March 2020). "The five key genres found in the world of TikTok". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^Schwedel, Heather (4 September 2018). "A Guide to TikTok for Anyone Who Isn't a Teen". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^Al-Heeti, Abrar (2 December 2020). "TikTok is reportedly experimenting with 3-minute videos". CNET. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^Kastrenakes, Jacob (1 July 2021). "TikTok is rolling out longer videos to everyone". The Verge. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^"TikTok Confirms that 10 Minute Video Uploads are Coming to All Users". Social Media Today. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^"TikTok, WeChat and the growing digital divide between the US and China". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"Forget The Trade War. TikTok Is China's Most Important Export Right Now". BuzzFeed News. 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ^Niewenhuis, Lucas (25 September 2019). "The difference between TikTok and Douyin". SupChina. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"50 TikTok Stats That Will Blow Your Mind [Updated 2020]". Influencer Marketing Hub. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^RouteBot (21 March 2020). "Top 10 Countries with the Largest Number of TikTok Users". routenote.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^Carman, Ashley (29 April 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"2020年春季报告：抖音用户规模达5.18亿人次，女性用户占比57%" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^Ahmad, Asif Shahzad, Jibran (11 March 2021). "Pakistan to block social media app TikTok over 'indecency' complaint". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^"The Fastest Growing Brands of 2020". Morning Consult. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^"TikTok surpasses Google as most popular website of the year, new data suggests". NBC News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^"The App That Launched a Thousand Memes Jing Daily". Jing Daily. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^Chen, Qian (19 September 2018). "The biggest trend in Chinese social media is dying, and another has already taken its place". CNBC. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^"Tik Tok, a Global Music Video Platform and Social Network, Launches in Indonesia-PR Newswire APAC". en.prnasia.com
Jing Daily". Jing Daily. 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2018.Monkey’s Audio 5.18 2019 Download
Monkey’s Audio is part of these download collections: APE Players, Open APE, APE Makers. The software application carries out compression jobs swiftly and delivers very good results concerning compression ratio and sound quality. No error dialogs popped up in our tests, and the tool didn’t hang or crash. It’s possible to compress .wav tracks at a preferred speed (fast, normal, high, high, extra high, insane), decompress .ape files, check file integrity via CRC checksum, as well as convert a compressed files between various compression formats: .ape, .shn (Shorten), .wv (Wavpack), .rka (Rkau), .mp3 (LAME), .mp+ (Mp+ decoder) and .ogg. Lastly, the software application lets you create, edit or remove tags for .ape and .mp3 files.
(think of it as a beefed-up Winzip™ for your music) The other great thing is that you can always decompress your Monkey’s Audio files back to the exact, original files. The file list shows the name, extension, original and compressed size, time and status, along with the reduced size (in percentage) for each processed file. contemporary, classical music, audiobooks, home movies, tv, videos, etc).It looks up and tags Album Art and data via Freedb and the web, includes an automatic renamer to rename and organize files, and a playlist manager to arrange your mixes. Usa la pratica mappa per raggiungerci, magari approfittando dei coupon o dopo aver dato unocchiata agli eventi in programma.
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Links for Monkey's Audio Activation:
Related
- ^"TIKTOK'S RISE TO GLOBAL MARKETS 1". Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^Graziani, Thomas (30 July 2018). "How Douyin became China's top short-video App in 500 days". WalktheChat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"8 Lessons from the rise of Douyin (Tik Tok) · TechNode". TechNode. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"Tik Tok, a Global Music Video Platform and Social Network, Launches in Indonesia". Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^"Tik Tok, Global Short Video Community launched in Thailand with the latest AI feature, GAGA Dance Machine The very first short video app with a new function based on AI technology". thailand.shafaqna.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^Carman, Ashley (29 April 2020). "TikTok reaches 2 billion downloads". The Verge. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^Doyle, Brandon (6 October 2020). "TikTok Statistics - Everything You Need to Know [Sept 2020 Update]". Wallaroo Media. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^Yurieff, Kaya (21 November 2018). "TikTok is the latest social network sensation". Cnn.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019.
- ^Alexander, Julia (15 November 2018). "TikTok surges past 6M downloads in the US as celebrities join the app". The Verge. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^Spangler, Todd (20 November 2018). "TikTok App Nears 80 Million U.S. Downloads After Phasing Out Musical.ly, Lands Jimmy Fallon as Fan". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^"A-Rod & J.Lo, Reese Witherspoon and the Rest of the A-List Celebs You Should Be Following on TikTok". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^"The NFL joins TikTok in multi-year partnership". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ^"50 TikTok Stats That Will Blow Your Mind in 2020 [UPDATED ]". Influencer Marketing Hub. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"TikTok Names ByteDance CFO Shou Zi Chew as New CEO". NDTV Gadgets 360. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^"TikTok CEO Kevin Mayer quits after 4 months". Fortune (magazine). Bloomberg News. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^Zeitchik, Steven (18 May 2020). "In surprise move, a top Disney executive will run TikTok". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^"Australian appointed interim chief executive of TikTok". ABC News. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^Robertson, Adi (3 August 2020). "Trump threatens that TikTok will "close down" on September 15th unless an American company buys it". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^Singh, Maanvi (6 August 2020). "Trump bans US transactions with Chinese-owned TikTok and WeChat". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^"Commerce Department Prohibits WeChat and TikTok Transactions to Protect the National Security of the United States". U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ abArbel, Tali (6 August 2020). "Trump bans dealings with Chinese owners of TikTok, WeChat". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^Fung, Brian. "Trump says he has approved a deal for TikTok". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^Wells, Andrew Restuccia, John D. McKinnon and Georgia (20 September 2020). "Trump Signs Off on TikTok Deal With Oracle, Walmart". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
- ^Swanson, Ana; McCabe, David; Griffith, Erin (19 September 2020). "Trump Approves Deal Between Oracle and TikTok". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^TikTok ban: Judge rules app won't be blocked in the US, for nowArchived 2 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine; CNN by way of MSN; published 28 September 2020; accessed 7 February 2021
- ^McKinnon, John; Leary, Alex (9 June 2021). "Trump's TikTok, WeChat Actions Targeting China Revoked by Biden". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
- ^Doval, Pankaj (30 June 2020). "TikTok, UC Browser among 59 Chinese apps blocked as threat to sovereignty". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020.
- ^Charles Riley. "Pakistan reverses TikTok ban after 10 days". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^Kastrenakes, Jacob (9 October 2020). "Pakistan bans TikTok for "immoral" and "indecent" videos". The Verge. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^"Pakistan bans TikTok for allowing 'immoral and indecent' content". Android Police. 9 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^Lyons, Kim (27 September 2021). "TikTok says it has passed 1 billion users". The Verge. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^"The all-conquering quaver". The Economist. 9 July 2022.
- ^Lin, Liza; Winkler, Rolfe (9 November 2017). "Social-Media App Musical.ly Is Acquired for as Much as $1 Billion". wsj.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^Lee, Dami (2 August 2018). "The popular Musical.ly app has been rebranded as TikTok". Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^"Musical.ly Is Going Away: Users to Be Shifted to Bytedance's TikTok Video App". msn.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^Kundu, Kishalaya (2 August 2018). "Musical.ly App To Be Shut Down, Users Will Be Migrated to TikTok". Beebom. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^"Chinese video sharing app boasts 500 mln monthly active users". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^"Why China's Viral Video App Douyin is No Good for Luxury Sixth Tone". Sixth Tone. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
1 Million Serial Numbers of Different Softwares
A partir de uma investigação aos recursos de processamento de áudio digital em computadores tipo PC, este artigo de divulgação apresenta contribuições a uma normalização de procedimentos que viabilizem uma inclusão significativa de rotinas de produção em áudio digital no espaço escolar. Considerando o fato de que, muito embora, tal aparato não tenha se desenvolvido especificamente para as interações típicas da aula de música, verificou-se positiva a hipótese de uma possível inclusão de conhecimentos e habilidades na instrumentalização do professor que o capacite para tais usos. Essa aproximação analítica alcançou seus objetivos gerais circunstanciando técnicas e operações abrangentes para o uso dos recursos de áudio disponibilizados por esse tipo de tecnologia. Os experimentos se realizaram no “Estúdio Experimental” e no “Laboratório de Ensino da Área de Fundamentos da Linguagem Musical” do Departamento de Música do Centro de Artes da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, em estações de trabalho com configurações bastante simples e domésticas. “Som de Classe” resulta por fim numa contribuição à construção de um conceito de apropriação autoral, que se delineia a partir de rotinas de reações e atitudes onde o conteúdo fundamental daquilo “que se aprende/ensina” é justamente a maneira “como se aprende/ensina”. Essa apropriação dita autoral, é então percebida como uma capacitação resultante dos gestos e ações que lhe deram origem, onde a causa da sua proposição, fundação ou descoberta, se manteve permanentemente a cargo daquele sujeito professor de música em formação, que agora quer gravar os sons da e na sua sala de aula.
- ^"Is Douyin the Right Social Video Platform for Luxury Brands?
Kernel index
This index covers articles published in the LWN.net Kernel Page. All articles from the beginning of 2004 have been entered here.Academic systems
Realtime Linux: academia v. reality (July 26, 2010)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Access control lists
Rich access control lists (October 20, 2015)
ACCESS_ONCE()
ACCESS_ONCE() (August 1, 2012)
ACCESS_ONCE() and compiler bugs (December 3, 2014)
Who's afraid of a big bad optimizing compiler? (July 15, 2019)
ACPI
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
An API for specifying latency constraints (August 28, 2006)
OLS: Three talks on power management (June 30, 2007)
Tripping over trip points (August 7, 2007)
The ACPI processor aggregator driver (October 7, 2009)
The cpuidle subsystem (April 26, 2010)
Idling ACPI idle (June 1, 2010)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Adore root kit
A new Adore root kit (March 17, 2004)
AdvFS
What's AdvFS good for? (June 25, 2008)
AlacrityVM
AlacrityVM (August 5, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
alloc_skb_from_cache()
alloc_skb_from_cache() (January 4, 2005)
ALSA
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
Alternative instructions
SMP alternatives (December 14, 2005)
Android
Wakelocks and the embedded problem (February 10, 2009)
From wakelocks to a real solution (February 18, 2009)
Fishy business (March 3, 2010)
Suspend block (April 28, 2010)
Blocking suspend blockers (May 18, 2010)
Suspend blocker suspense (May 26, 2010)
What comes after suspend blockers (June 1, 2010)
This week's episode of "Desperate Androids" (June 7, 2010)
Another wakeup event mechanism (June 23, 2010)
An alternative to suspend blockers (November 24, 2010)
A new approach to opportunistic suspend (September 27, 2011)
Yet another opportunity for opportunistic suspend (October 18, 2011)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Bringing Android closer to the mainline (December 20, 2011)
Autosleep and wake locks (February 7, 2012)
The Android ION memory allocator (February 8, 2012)
The Android mainlining interest group meeting: a report (February 28, 2012)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
KS2012: Status of Android upstreaming (September 5, 2012)
LC-Asia: An Android upstreaming update (March 12, 2013)
Integrating the ION memory allocator (September 4, 2013)
The Android Graphics microconference (October 9, 2013)
The LPC Android microconference (October 17, 2013)
In a bind with binder (October 29, 2014)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (September 8, 2015)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (September 14, 2015)
Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone (October 28, 2015)
Lightning talks (November 4, 2015)
Four new Android privilege escalations (August 10, 2016)
Bringing Android explicit fencing to the mainline (October 5, 2016)
Scheduling for Android devices (November 15, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 1 (December 14, 2016)
The LPC Android microconference, part 2 (December 21, 2016)
Eliminating Android wrapfs "hackery" (April 4, 2017)
Running Android on a mainline graphics stack (September 12, 2017)
An update on the Android problem (November 7, 2017)
Android memory management (May 1, 2019)
Scheduling for the Android display pipeline (January 16, 2020)
Evaluating vendor changes to the scheduler (May 19, 2020)
Android kernel notes from LPC 2020 (September 10, 2020)
KVM for Android (November 11, 2020)
The edge-triggered misunderstanding (August 5, 2021)
Not-so-anonymous virtual memory areas (September 3, 2021)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
Generic kernel image
Bringing the Android kernel back to the mainline (November 15, 2018)
Monitoring the internal kernel ABI (September 25, 2019)
The intersection of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
anonmm
Reverse mapping anonymous pages - again (March 24, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
anon_vma
Virtual Memory II: the return of objrmap (March 10, 2004)
VM changes in 2.6.6 (April 14, 2004)
The status of object-based reverse mapping (May 19, 2004)
The merging of anon_vma and 4G/4G (May 26, 2004)
The case of the overly anonymous anon_vma (April 13, 2010)
a.out
A way out for a.out (March 24, 2022)
AppArmor
The AppArmor debate begins (April 26, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Security (July 19, 2006)
Linux security non-modules and AppArmor (June 27, 2007)
TOMOYO Linux and pathname-based security (April 14, 2008)
Architectures
UKUUG: The right way to port Linux (November 19, 2008)
System calls and 64-bit architectures (December 17, 2008)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
Little-endian PowerPC (October 6, 2010)
Upcoming DSP architectures (September 7, 2011)
LPC: Coping with hardware diversity (September 14, 2011)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Software and hardware obsolescence in the kernel (August 28, 2020)
The future of 32-bit Linux (December 4, 2020)
The road to Zettalinux (September 16, 2022)
ARM
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
ARM kernel consolidation (May 18, 2011)
Reworking the DMA mapping code (especially on ARM) (November 16, 2011)
Irked by NO_IRQ (December 7, 2011)
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
Supporting multi-platform ARM kernels (May 9, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler update (June 12, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: One zImage to rule them all (June 13, 2012)
Supporting 64-bit ARM systems (July 10, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Supporting KVM on the ARM architecture (July 3, 2013)
Minisummit reports (October 29, 2013)
ACPI for ARM? (November 22, 2013)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
The Arm64 memory tagging extension in Linux (October 15, 2020)
Scheduling for asymmetric Arm systems (November 30, 2020)
Porting to
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 1: The basics (August 26, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 2: The early code (September 2, 2015)
Porting Linux to a new processor architecture, part 3: To the finish line (September 23, 2015)
RISC-V
Why RISC-V doesn't (yet) support KVM (May 20, 2021)
x86
i386 and x86_64: back together? (July 31, 2007)
Detecting and handling split locks (June 7, 2019)
Developers split over split-lock detection (December 6, 2019)
VMX virtualization runs afoul of split-lock detection (April 7, 2020)
A possible end to the FSGSBASE saga (June 1, 2020)
Kernel support for processor undervolting (November 2, 2020)
User-space interrupts (September 30, 2021)
Intel AMX support in 5.16 (November 8, 2021)
Pointer tagging for x86 systems (March 28, 2022)
Support for Intel's Linear Address Masking (July 25, 2022)
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Dealing with complexity: power domains and asymmetric multiprocessing (June 29, 2011)
Asynchronous function calls
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
Deadlocking the system with asynchronous functions (January 16, 2013)
Asynchronous I/O
A retry-based AIO infrastructure (March 2, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Asynchronous I/O (July 21, 2004)
Asynchronous I/O and vectored operations (February 7, 2006)
The kevent interface (February 22, 2006)
OLS: A proposal for a new networking API (July 22, 2006)
API changes: interrupt handlers and vectored I/O (October 2, 2006)
Asynchronous buffered file I/O (January 3, 2007)
Fibrils and asynchronous system calls (January 31, 2007)
Kernel fibrillation (February 6, 2007)
Threadlets (February 27, 2007)
The return of syslets (May 30, 2007)
LCA: A new approach to asynchronous I/O (January 27, 2009)
LSFMM: Reducing io_submit() latency (May 1, 2013)
Non-blocking buffered file read operations (September 23, 2014)
Asynchronous buffered read operations (March 18, 2015)
Fixing asynchronous I/O, again (January 13, 2016)
Toward non-blocking asynchronous I/O (May 30, 2017)
A new kernel polling interface (January 9, 2018)
Ringing in a new asynchronous I/O API (January 15, 2019)
io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles (February 13, 2019)
Asynchronous fsync() (May 21, 2019)
The rapid growth of io_uring (January 24, 2020)
Automatic buffer selection for io_uring (March 20, 2020)
Operations restrictions for io_uring (July 15, 2020)
Zero-copy network transmission with io_uring (December 30, 2021)
Atomic I/O operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic usage patterns in the kernel (August 31, 2016)
Atomic patterns 2: coupled atomics (September 7, 2016)
Atomic spinlocks
The realtime preemption endgame (August 5, 2009)
The realtime preemption mini-summit (September 28, 2009)
atomic_t
No more 24-bit atomic_t (February 18, 2004)
The search for fast, scalable counters (February 1, 2006)
Atomic additions (July 20, 2015)
Two approaches to reference count hardening (July 7, 2016)
Atomic primitives in the kernel (July 27, 2016)
The bumpy road to reference-count protection in the kernel (November 16, 2016)
Auditing
The lightweight auditing framework (April 7, 2004)
More hooks for kernel events (February 9, 2005)
Who audits the audit code? (May 29, 2014)
Audit, namespaces, and containers (September 8, 2016)
Container IDs for the audit subsystem (December 6, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Auditing io_uring (June 3, 2021)
Automounter
Trapfs - an automounter on the cheap (November 3, 2004)
Auxiliary bus
Managing multifunction devices with the auxiliary bus (December 17, 2020)
Beancounters
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
Benchmarking
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Tracking tbench troubles (October 29, 2008)
A survey of scheduler benchmarks (June 14, 2017)
Testing scheduler thermal properties for avionics (May 15, 2020)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
Berkeley Packet Filter
A JIT for packet filters (April 12, 2011)
BPF: the universal in-kernel virtual machine (May 21, 2014)
Extending extended BPF (July 2, 2014)
A reworked BPF API (July 23, 2014)
A report from the networking miniconference (August 27, 2014)
The BPF system call API, version 14 (September 24, 2014)
Persistent BPF objects (November 18, 2015)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
Notes from the LPC tracing microconference (September 21, 2017)
A thorough introduction to eBPF (December 2, 2017)
Some advanced BCC topics (February 22, 2018)
Bpfilter (and user-mode blobs) for 4.18 (May 30, 2018)
Binary portability for BPF programs (November 30, 2018)
Concurrency management in BPF (February 7, 2019)
Managing sysctl knobs with BPF (April 9, 2019)
BPF: what's good, what's coming, and what's needed (May 9, 2019)
BPF at Facebook (and beyond) (October 10, 2019)
BPF and the realtime patch set (October 23, 2019)
Filesystem sandboxing with eBPF (November 6, 2019)
A medley of performance-related BPF patches (January 2, 2020)
Kernel operations structures in BPF (February 7, 2020)
A look at "BPF Performance Tools" (February 26, 2020)
Dumping kernel data structures with BPF (April 27, 2020)
Rethinking bpfilter and user-mode helpers (June 12, 2020)
Sleepable BPF programs (July 7, 2020)
iproute2 and libbpf: vendoring on the small scale (November 12, 2020)
BPF meets io_uring (March 4, 2021)
Toward signed BPF programs (April 22, 2021)
Calling kernel functions from BPF (May 13, 2021)
Implementing eBPF for Windows (June 10, 2021)
Taming the BPF superpowers (September 29, 2021)
Controlling the CPU scheduler with BPF (October 21, 2021)
Long-lived kernel pointers in BPF (July 14, 2022)
The BPF panic function (July 18, 2022)
How far do we want to go with BPF? (September 19, 2022)
BPF as a safer kernel programming environment (September 23, 2022)
Device drivers
IR decoding with BPF (July 9, 2018)
BPF for HID drivers (September 26, 2022)
Loops
Bounded loops in BPF programs (December 3, 2018)
Bounded loops in BPF for the 5.3 kernel (July 31, 2019)
A different approach to BPF loops (November 29, 2021)
Memory management
A memory allocator for BPF code (February 4, 2022)
The BPF allocator runs into trouble (April 29, 2022)
A BPF-specific memory allocator (June 30, 2022)
Networking
Attaching eBPF programs to sockets (December 10, 2014)
Early packet drop — and more — with BPF (April 6, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
BPF comes to firewalls (February 19, 2018)
Writing network flow dissectors in BPF (September 6, 2018)
Security
Yet another new approach to seccomp (January 11, 2012)
Kernel runtime security instrumentation (September 4, 2019)
KRSI — the other BPF security module (December 27, 2019)
KRSI and proprietary BPF programs (January 17, 2020)
Impedance matching for BPF and LSM (February 26, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
eBPF seccomp() filters (May 31, 2021)
Spectre revisits BPF (June 24, 2021)
Tracing
BPF tracing filters (December 4, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
Tracepoints with BPF (April 13, 2016)
Using user-space tracepoints with BPF (May 11, 2018)
The state of system observability with BPF (May 1, 2019)
Kernel analysis with bpftrace (July 18, 2019)
Type checking for BPF tracing (October 28, 2019)
Relief for insomniac tracepoints (October 29, 2020)
User events — but not quite yet (April 18, 2022)
Unprivileged
Unprivileged bpf() (October 12, 2015)
Providing wider access to bpf() (June 27, 2019)
Reconsidering unprivileged BPF (August 16, 2019)
Big kernel lock
The Big Kernel Lock lives on (May 26, 2004)
The Big Kernel Semaphore? (September 15, 2004)
ioctl(), the big kernel lock, and 32-bit compatibility (December 15, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
The big kernel lock strikes again (May 13, 2008)
Kill BKL Vol. 2 (May 21, 2008)
The BKL end game (March 30, 2010)
Might 2.6.35 be BKL-free? (April 27, 2010)
BKL-free in 2.6.37 (maybe) (September 20, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
The real BKL end game (January 26, 2011)
big.LITTLE
Linux support for ARM big.LITTLE (February 15, 2012)
A big.LITTLE scheduler update (June 12, 2012)
KS2012: ARM: A big.LITTLE update (September 5, 2012)
A report from the first Korea Linux Forum (October 16, 2012)
Multi-cluster power management (February 20, 2013)
ELC: In-kernel switcher for big.LITTLE (February 27, 2013)
LC-Asia: A big LITTLE MP update (March 6, 2013)
Fixing a corner case in asymmetric CPU packing (January 7, 2022)
Bind mounts
Read-only bind mounts (May 6, 2008)
Mount namespaces, mount propagation, and unbindable mounts (June 15, 2016)
binfmt_misc
Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
BitKeeper
The kernel and BitKeeper part ways (April 6, 2005)
Block layer
Laptop mode for 2.6 (January 7, 2004)
CDROM drives and partitioning (February 25, 2004)
The return of write barriers (March 24, 2004)
Big block transfers: good or bad? (March 29, 2004)
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Network block devices and OOM safety (March 30, 2005)
Execute-in-place (May 11, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Convergence of network and storage paths (July 20, 2005)
Some block layer patches (October 26, 2005)
Large block size support (May 2, 2007)
Distributed storage (August 21, 2007)
Barriers and journaling filesystems (May 21, 2008)
Block layer: integrity checking and lots of partitions (July 15, 2008)
A superficial introduction to fsblock (March 11, 2009)
Flushing out pdflush (April 1, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem workshop, day 1 (April 7, 2009)
Linux Storage and Filesystem Workshop, day 2 (April 8, 2009)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Interrupt mitigation in the block layer (August 10, 2009)
Page-based direct I/O (August 25, 2009)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 1 (August 9, 2010)
The 2010 Linux Storage and Filesystem Summit, day 2 (August 10, 2010)
The end of block barriers (August 18, 2010)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, and Memory Management Summit, Day 1 (April 5, 2011)
Future storage technologies and Linux (April 6, 2011)
Linux Filesystem, Storage, and Memory Management Summit, Day 2 (April 6, 2011)
Supporting block I/O contexts (June 18, 2012)
LSFMM: I/O hints (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: Copy offload (April 24, 2013)
LSFMM: O_DIRECT (May 1, 2013)
The multiqueue block layer (June 5, 2013)
Tags and IDs (June 19, 2013)
Polling block drivers (June 26, 2013)
Filesystem/block interfaces (March 17, 2015)
Copy offload (March 25, 2015)
Write-stream IDs (April 7, 2015)
Block-layer I/O polling (November 11, 2015)
Block and filesystem interfaces (April 26, 2016)
Partial drive depopulation (April 27, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Multipage bio_vecs (May 4, 2016)
Inline encryption support for block devices (March 22, 2017)
Stream ID status update (March 29, 2017)
A block layer introduction part 1: the bio layer (October 25, 2017)
Block layer introduction part 2: the request layer (November 9, 2017)
A mapping layer for filesystems (May 9, 2018)
Supporting multi-actuator drives (May 15, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The Linux "copy problem" (May 29, 2019)
Atomic operations
Atomic I/O operations (May 30, 2013)
Support for atomic block I/O operations (November 6, 2013)
A way to do atomic writes (May 28, 2019)
Block drivers
Cleaning up the block driver API (August 28, 2007)
A new block request completion API (January 29, 2008)
How to use a terabyte of RAM (March 12, 2008)
Block layer: solid-state storage, timeouts, affinity, and more (October 15, 2008)
Block layer request queue API changes (May 18, 2009)
Reworking disk events handling (January 19, 2011)
An io_uring-based user-space block driver (August 8, 2022)
Crash recovery for user-space block drivers (August 29, 2022)
Caching
Bcache: Caching beyond just RAM (July 2, 2010)
A bcache update (May 14, 2012)
LSFMM: Caching — dm-cache and bcache (May 1, 2013)
Discard operations
Block layer discard requests (August 12, 2008)
The trouble with discard (August 18, 2009)
The best way to throw blocks away (December 1, 2010)
Issues around discard (May 6, 2019)
Error handling
Improved block-layer error handling (June 2, 2017)
PostgreSQL's fsync() surprise (April 18, 2018)
PostgreSQL visits LSFMM (May 1, 2018)
Handling I/O errors in the kernel (June 12, 2018)
I/O scheduling
Modular, switchable I/O schedulers (September 21, 2004)
Into the ABISS (November 9, 2004)
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
The block I/O controller (November 7, 2009)
Hierarchical group I/O scheduling (February 15, 2011)
An IOPS-based I/O scheduler (January 4, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Proportional I/O controller (September 17, 2012)
The BFQ I/O scheduler (June 11, 2014)
The return of the BFQ I/O scheduler (February 3, 2016)
A way forward for BFQ (December 14, 2016)
Two new block I/O schedulers for 4.12 (April 24, 2017)
Measuring (and fixing) I/O-controller throughput loss (August 29, 2018)
I/O scheduling for single-queue devices (October 12, 2018)
Improving the performance of the BFQ I/O scheduler (March 29, 2019)
Large physical sectors
Linux and 4K disk sectors (March 11, 2009)
4K-sector drives and Linux (March 9, 2010)
Preparing for large-sector drives (January 29, 2014)
Handling 32KB-block drives (March 18, 2015)
Loopback device
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Partitioned loopback devices (November 10, 2004)
Asynchronous block loop I/O (January 30, 2013)
Private loop devices with loopfs (May 7, 2020)
Object storage devices
Linux and object storage devices (November 4, 2008)
Plugging
No more global unplugging (March 10, 2004)
Explicit block device plugging (April 13, 2011)
What happened to disk performance in 2.6.39 (January 31, 2012)
RAID
Journal-guided RAID resync (November 24, 2009)
DM and MD come a little closer (April 20, 2010)
The MD roadmap (February 16, 2011)
Another kernel RAID5 implementation (October 18, 2011)
A journal for MD/RAID5 (November 24, 2015)
Cluster support for MD/RAID 1 (February 3, 2016)
Scalability
More IOPS with BIO caching (September 6, 2021)
The balance between features and performance in the block layer (November 5, 2021)
Solid-state storage devices
Solid-state storage devices and the block layer (October 4, 2010)
Supporting solid-state hybrid drives (November 5, 2014)
Taking control of SSDs with LightNVM (April 22, 2015)
Testing
Challenges with fstests and blktests (June 1, 2022)
Best practices for fstests (June 7, 2022)
Writeback
In defense of per-BDI writeback (September 30, 2009)
Handling writeback errors (April 4, 2017)
Fixing error reporting—again (April 25, 2018)
Zoned devices
Filesystems for zoned block devices (May 21, 2019)
Accessing zoned block devices with zonefs (July 23, 2019)
Btrfs on zoned block devices (April 19, 2021)
Zoned storage (June 14, 2022)
Bogomips
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Books
Linux Kernel Development, Second Edition (March 9, 2005)
Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition now online (March 15, 2005)
The Linux Kernel Primer (October 5, 2005)
Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition (November 22, 2005)
Review: Understanding Linux Network Internals (January 24, 2006)
Book Review: User Mode Linux (May 16, 2006)
Review: Linux Kernel in a Nutshell (February 7, 2007)
Book review: Linux System Programming (December 5, 2007)
Book review: Linux Kernel Development, third edition (December 15, 2010)
Review: The Linux Programming Interface (January 19, 2011)
Bootstrap process
initramfs and where user space truly begins (July 11, 2006)
LPC: Booting Linux in five seconds (September 22, 2008)
Tracking down a "runaway loop" (December 10, 2008)
An asynchronous function call infrastructure (January 13, 2009)
USB and fast booting (April 29, 2009)
The bootstrap process on EFI systems (February 11, 2015)
Toward measured boot out of the box (September 8, 2016)
Broadcom 43xx
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Btrfs
btrfs and NILFS (June 19, 2007)
A better btrfs (January 15, 2008)
Btrfs aims for the mainline (January 7, 2009)
A short history of btrfs (July 22, 2009)
JLS2009: A Btrfs update (October 27, 2009)
Supporting transactions in btrfs (November 11, 2009)
Btrfs: broken by design? (June 22, 2010)
Data temperature in Btrfs (August 3, 2010)
Whither btrfsck? (October 11, 2011)
A btrfs update at LinuxCon Europe (November 2, 2011)
Atime and btrfs: a bad combination? (May 31, 2012)
Btrfs send/receive (July 11, 2012)
VFS hot-data tracking (November 20, 2012)
LSFMM: Btrfs: "are we there yet?" (May 1, 2013)
CoreOS looks to move from Btrfs to overlayfs (December 24, 2014)
In-band deduplication for Btrfs (March 9, 2016)
Btrfs and high-speed devices (August 24, 2016)
Adding encryption to Btrfs (September 21, 2016)
Btrfs at Facebook (July 2, 2020)
epoll_pwait2(), close_range(), and encoded I/O (November 20, 2020)
LWN's guide to
The Btrfs filesystem: An introduction (December 11, 2013)
Btrfs: Getting started (December 17, 2013)
Btrfs: Working with multiple devices (December 30, 2013)
Btrfs: Subvolumes and snapshots (January 6, 2014)
Btrfs: Send/receive and ioctl() (January 22, 2014)
Budget fair queuing scheduler
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Buffer heads
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Build system
Shrinking the kernel with gcc (January 21, 2004)
Building external modules (April 13, 2004)
Separating kernel source and object files (June 23, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
Testing crypto drivers at boot time (August 18, 2010)
Link-time optimization for the kernel (August 21, 2012)
Special sections in Linux binaries (January 3, 2013)
Creating a kernel build farm (October 5, 2016)
The end of modversions? (November 30, 2016)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time garbage collection (December 15, 2017)
Shrinking the kernel with link-time optimization (January 18, 2018)
Shedding old architectures and compilers in the kernel (February 26, 2018)
Compiling kernel UAPI headers with C++ (September 13, 2018)
Building header files into the kernel (March 21, 2019)
Old compilers and old bugs (January 11, 2021)
Moving the kernel to modern C (February 24, 2022)
A framework for code tagging (September 1, 2022)
GCC plugins
Better kernels with GCC plugins (October 5, 2011)
Kernel building with GCC plugins (June 14, 2016)
A pair of GCC plugins (January 25, 2017)
The future of GCC plugins in the kernel (April 1, 2021)
Kernel configuration
Kconfiglib (February 2, 2011)
Kernel configuration for distributions (July 18, 2012)
A different approach to kernel configuration (September 12, 2017)
The end of CONFIG_ANDROID (July 4, 2022)
bus1
Bus1: a new Linux interprocess communication proposal (August 17, 2016)
C11 atomic operations
C11 atomic variables and the kernel (February 18, 2014)
C11 atomics part 2: "consume" semantics (February 26, 2014)
Time to move to C11 atomics? (June 15, 2016)
CacheFS
A general caching filesystem (September 1, 2004)
Capabilities
Capabilities in 2.6 (April 6, 2004)
Magic groups in 2.6 (May 11, 2004)
Trustees Linux (November 16, 2004)
A bid to resurrect Linux capabilities (September 10, 2006)
File-based capabilities (November 29, 2006)
Fixing CAP_SETPCAP (October 31, 2007)
Restricting root with per-process securebits (April 30, 2008)
Capabilities for loading network modules (March 2, 2011)
CAP_SYS_ADMIN: the new root (March 14, 2012)
The trouble with CAP_SYS_RAWIO (March 13, 2013)
BSD-style securelevel comes to Linux — again (September 11, 2013)
Inheriting capabilities (February 11, 2015)
The kdbuswreck (April 22, 2015)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Namespaced file capabilities (June 30, 2017)
CAP_PERFMON — and new capabilities in general (February 21, 2020)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CD recording
SCSI command filtering (July 31, 2006)
2.6.8 problems
2.6.8 and CD recording (August 18, 2004)
CFQ I/O scheduler
Which is the fairest I/O scheduler of them all? (December 8, 2004)
CFQ v3 (July 12, 2005)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Changelogs
In search of the perfect changelog (April 22, 2009)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Character encoding
The kernel and character set encodings (February 18, 2004)
Working with UTF-8 in the kernel (March 28, 2019)
Char devices
The cdev interface (August 16, 2006)
check_flags()
file_operations method
The end of the fcntl() method (August 18, 2004)
Checkpointing
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
eclone() (November 18, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
KS2010: Checkpoint/restart (November 2, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart: it's complicated (November 9, 2010)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
TCP connection hijacking and parasites - as a good thing (August 9, 2011)
Preparing for user-space checkpoint/restore (January 31, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: Checkpoint/restore in user space: are we there yet? (November 20, 2012)
Checkpoint/restore and signals (January 9, 2013)
Checkpoint/restart in user space (October 29, 2013)
A crop of new capabilities (June 8, 2020)
CIFS
On the future of smbfs (May 15, 2006)
LSFMM: User space NFS and CIFS servers (May 1, 2013)
Circular buffers
Coming in 2.6.10 (October 20, 2004)
Circular pipes (January 11, 2005)
The evolution of pipe buffers (January 18, 2005)
Class-based resource management
Kernel Summit: Class-based Kernel Resource Management (July 21, 2004)
Is CKRM worth it? (July 27, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Resource beancounters (August 29, 2006)
class_simple
Safe sysfs support (February 11, 2004)
Clockevents
Clockevents and dyntick (February 21, 2007)
CLOCK-Pro
A CLOCK-Pro page replacement implementation (August 16, 2005)
A framework for page replacement policies (March 25, 2006)
Clocks
A common clock framework (December 21, 2011)
Clusters
Clusters and distributed lock management (May 18, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Clustering (July 20, 2005)
DRBD: a distributed block device (April 22, 2009)
Popcorn Linux pops up on linux-kernel (May 5, 2020)
Cluster summit presentations
Presentations from the cluster summit (August 11, 2004)
Filesystems
Should the Lustre preparation patches go in? (June 9, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Clustered storage (July 21, 2004)
The OCFS2 filesystem (May 24, 2005)
Time to merge GFS? (August 10, 2005)
Merging GFS2 (September 7, 2005)
New NFS to bring parallel storage to the masses (January 21, 2009)
A look inside the OCFS2 filesystem (September 1, 2010)
Loopback NFS: theory and practice (April 23, 2014)
cmpxchg()
RCU-safe reference counting (July 14, 2004)
Introducing lockrefs (September 4, 2013)
Lockless patterns: an introduction to compare-and-swap (March 12, 2021)
Lockless patterns: more read-modify-write operations (March 19, 2021)
Coding style
How likely should likely() be? (February 10, 2004)
The cost of inline functions (April 28, 2004)
Fear of the void (June 9, 2004)
NULL v. zero (July 14, 2004)
Kernel headers and user space (November 30, 2004)
The coding style enforcer (May 11, 2005)
Drawing the line on inline (January 3, 2006)
The trouble with volatile (May 9, 2007)
Coding-style exceptionalism (July 20, 2016)
An end to implicit fall-throughs in the kernel (August 1, 2019)
Completely fair scheduler
CFS group scheduling (July 2, 2007)
Fair user scheduling and other scheduler patches (October 16, 2007)
Variations on fair I/O schedulers (December 3, 2008)
Improving scheduler latency (September 14, 2010)
TTY-based group scheduling (November 17, 2010)
CFS bandwidth control (February 16, 2011)
A group scheduling demonstration (March 16, 2011)
Completions
Some 2.6.11 API changes (January 25, 2005)
Compute Express Link (CXL)
CXL 1: Management and tiering (May 13, 2022)
CXL 2: Pooling, sharing, and I/O-memory resources (May 19, 2022)
Configfs
Configfs - an introduction (August 24, 2005)
Configfs - the API (August 24, 2005)
Containers
Containers and PID virtualization (January 17, 2006)
PID virtualization: a wealth of choices (February 8, 2006)
Containers and lightweight virtualization (April 10, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Paravirtualization and containers (July 19, 2006)
Another container implementation (September 19, 2006)
Process containers (May 29, 2007)
Controlling memory use in containers (July 31, 2007)
KS2007: Containers (September 10, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
System call updates: indirect(), timerfd(), and hijack() (November 28, 2007)
Kernel-based checkpoint and restart (August 11, 2008)
Checkpoint/restart tries to head towards the mainline (February 25, 2009)
Which I/O controller is the fairest of them all? (May 12, 2009)
clone_with_pids() (August 12, 2009)
A Checkpoint/restart update (February 24, 2010)
Divorcing namespaces from processes (March 3, 2010)
Namespace file descriptors (September 29, 2010)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
Checkpoint/restart (mostly) in user space (July 19, 2011)
Running distributions in containers (October 12, 2011)
A new approach to user namespaces (April 10, 2012)
TCP connection repair (May 1, 2012)
LCE: The failure of operating systems and how we can fix it (November 14, 2012)
Namespaces in operation, part 1: namespaces overview (January 4, 2013)
SO_PEERCGROUP: which container is calling? (March 18, 2014)
Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc (March 9, 2016)
Virtual machines as containers (April 23, 2016)
Quickly: Filesystems and containers / Self-encrypting drives (April 27, 2016)
Containers, pseudo TTYs, and backward compatibility (June 1, 2016)
Container-aware filesystems (April 3, 2017)
Containers as kernel objects (May 23, 2017)
Process tagging with ptags (December 13, 2017)
An audit container ID proposal (March 29, 2018)
Containers as kernel objects — again (February 22, 2019)
A filesystem for namespaces (December 3, 2021)
System-call interception for unprivileged containers (June 29, 2022)
Contiguous memory allocator
Contiguous memory allocation for drivers (July 21, 2010)
A reworked contiguous memory allocator (June 14, 2011)
CMA and ARM (July 5, 2011)
A deep dive into CMA (March 14, 2012)
CMA and compaction (April 23, 2016)
Control groups
Integrating memory control groups (May 17, 2011)
LPC: Control groups (September 20, 2011)
Timer slack for slacker developers (October 17, 2011)
Limiting system calls via control groups? (October 19, 2011)
KS2011: Coming to love control groups (October 24, 2011)
Per-cgroup TCP buffer limits (December 6, 2011)
Fixing control groups (February 28, 2012)
Two approaches to kernel memory usage accounting (March 7, 2012)
A proposed plan for control groups (March 14, 2012)
KS2012: memcg/mm: Improving kernel-memory accounting for memory cgroups (September 17, 2012)
Throwing one away (September 19, 2012)
The mempressure control group proposal (January 3, 2013)
LSFMM: Soft reclaim (April 23, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, 2013)
The evolution of control groups (October 29, 2013)
The past, present, and future of control groups (November 20, 2013)
Another daemon for managing control groups (December 5, 2013)
The unified control group hierarchy in 3.16 (June 11, 2014)
Control group namespaces (November 19, 2014)
Memory control group fairness (April 27, 2016)
Tracking resources and capabilities used (July 13, 2016)
Network filtering for control groups (August 24, 2016)
Last-minute control-group BPF ABI concerns (January 11, 2017)
A resolution on control-group network filters (February 15, 2017)
Three sessions on memory control groups (May 1, 2018)
Cleaning up after dying control groups (May 7, 2019)
Remote memory control-group charging (May 7, 2019)
Shrinking filesystem caches for dying control groups (May 29, 2019)
The burstable CFS bandwidth controller (February 8, 2021)
A "kill" button for control groups (May 3, 2021)
Cleaning up dying control groups, 2022 edition (May 19, 2022)
I/O bandwidth controllers
Writeback and control groups (June 17, 2015)
Controlling block-I/O latency (May 3, 2018)
The block I/O latency controller (July 5, 2018)
The creation of the io.latency block I/O controller (March 14, 2019)
The io.weight I/O-bandwidth controller (June 28, 2019)
LWN's guide to
Control groups, part 1: On the history of process grouping (July 1, 2014)
Control groups, part 2: On the different sorts of hierarchies (July 9, 2014)
Control groups, part 3: First steps to control (July 16, 2014)
Control groups, part 4: On accounting (July 23, 2014)
Control groups, part 5: The cgroup hierarchy (July 30, 2014)
Control groups, part 6: A look under the hood (August 6, 2014)
Control groups, part 7: To unity and beyond (August 13, 2014)
Thread-level control
Thread-level management in control groups (September 1, 2015)
Thread-level control with resource groups (March 16, 2016)
The case of the stalled CPU controller (August 17, 2016)
Control-group thread mode (February 22, 2017)
A milestone for control groups (July 31, 2017)
Coprocessors
LSFMM: Coprocessors, exit times, and volatile ranges, and more (April 23, 2013)
Copyright issues
Buying the kernel (October 13, 2004)
The kernel and binary firmware (April 6, 2005)
The Philips webcam driver - again (May 4, 2005)
The Developer's Certificate of Origin, v1.1 (June 15, 2005)
On the value of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL (October 5, 2005)
On binary drivers and stable interfaces (November 9, 2005)
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL_FUTURE() (February 13, 2006)
Code of uncertain origin (August 9, 2006)
Code of (still) uncertain origin (August 15, 2006)
Resolved: firmware is not software (August 23, 2006)
GPL-only symbols and ndiswrapper (October 25, 2006)
How not to handle a licensing violation (April 11, 2007)
More quotes of the week - scenes from a flame war (June 19, 2007)
NDISwrapper dodges another bullet (March 5, 2008)
Kernel markers and binary-only modules (March 24, 2008)
Relicensing tracepoints and markers (November 4, 2009)
The trouble with firmware (January 5, 2011)
Bounding GPL compliance times (February 9, 2011)
dma-buf and binary-only modules (February 22, 2012)
The exfiltrated exFAT driver (July 24, 2013)
Questioning EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 23, 2014)
The kernel community confronts GPL enforcement (August 31, 2016)
Maintainers Summit: SPDX, cross-subsystem development, and conclusion (November 8, 2017)
SPDX identifiers in the kernel (November 16, 2017)
Heterogeneous memory management meets EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (June 12, 2018)
The proper use of EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() (October 27, 2018)
Netgpu and the hazards of proprietary kernel modules (July 31, 2020)
Copyleft-next and the kernel (July 13, 2021)
copy_*_user()
Hardened usercopy (August 3, 2016)
Hardened usercopy whitelisting (July 7, 2017)
Two topics in user-space access (March 5, 2019)
Proposed return value change
API changes under consideration (August 24, 2004)
COW links
COW Links (March 29, 2004)
cpufreq
Fixing the ondemand governor (April 20, 2010)
Improvements in CPU frequency management (April 6, 2016)
CPU frequency governors and remote callbacks (September 4, 2017)
Saving frequency scaling in the data center (May 21, 2020)
CPUhog
Who let the hogs out? (March 16, 2010)
Cpusets
Cpusets and memory policies (March 22, 2017)
Crash dumps
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
Software suspend - again (February 6, 2006)
Persistent storage for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
Credentials
Credential records (September 25, 2007)
Cryptography
Cryptographic signatures on kernel modules (July 7, 2004)
Asynchronous crypto (November 3, 2004)
An API for user-space access to kernel cryptography (August 25, 2010)
Trusted and encrypted keys (October 6, 2010)
A netlink-based user-space crypto API (October 20, 2010)
A crypto module loading vulnerability (January 28, 2015)
WireGuarding the mainline (August 6, 2018)
Reconsidering Speck (August 8, 2018)
Progress on Zinc (thus WireGuard) (September 26, 2018)
Zinc: a new kernel cryptography API (November 6, 2018)
Adiantum: encryption for the low end (January 16, 2019)
WireGuard and the crypto API (October 16, 2019)
Supporting PGP keys and signatures in the kernel (January 25, 2022)
Cryptoloop
A weak cryptoloop implementation in Linux? (January 21, 2004)
Customer panel
Kernel Summit: The customer panel (July 21, 2004)
Data integrity
Ext3 and RAID: silent data killers? (August 31, 2009)
Notes from the block layer (February 22, 2011)
Stable pages (May 11, 2011)
Ensuring data reaches disk (September 7, 2011)
Optimizing stable pages (December 5, 2012)
LSFMM: Storage data integrity (April 24, 2013)
Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK)
Network acceleration with DPDK (July 5, 2017)
DAX
Supporting filesystems in persistent memory (September 2, 2014)
DAX and fsync: the cost of forgoing page structures (February 24, 2016)
The persistent memory "I know what I'm doing" flag (March 2, 2016)
DAX on BTT (May 4, 2016)
The future of DAX (March 27, 2017)
daxctl() — getting the other half of persistent-memory performance (June 26, 2017)
DAX semantics (May 13, 2019)
D-Bus
Fast interprocess messaging (September 15, 2010)
Speeding up D-Bus (February 29, 2012)
Missing the AF_BUS (July 3, 2012)
DCCP
Linux gets DCCP (August 30, 2005)
Debian kernel team
The new Debian kernel team (May 26, 2004)
Debugging
Bringing kgdb into 2.6 (February 10, 2004)
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Diskdump: a new crash dump system (June 2, 2004)
Debugging kernel modules (June 23, 2004)
Crash dumps with kexec (October 27, 2004)
On not getting burned by kmap_atomic() (November 16, 2004)
Debugfs (December 13, 2004)
Useful gadget: /proc/page_owner (February 1, 2005)
The __nocast attribute (March 29, 2005)
Double kfree() errors (March 6, 2006)
A nasty file corruption bug - fixed (December 31, 2006)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Development issues part 2: Bug tracking (January 9, 2008)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
An updated guide to debugfs (May 25, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Persistent storage for a kernel's "dying breath" (March 23, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
Displaying QR codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Bugzilla, lightning talks, and future summits (October 29, 2013)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Delay accounting
Some patches of interest (February 28, 2006)
del_timer()
Deleting timers quickly (May 12, 2004)
Dentry cache
The value of negative dentries (June 4, 2002)
Dcache scalability and RCU-walk (December 14, 2010)
Dcache scalability and security modules (April 27, 2011)
Mob rule for dentries (May 4, 2011)
How to ruin Linus's vacation (July 19, 2011)
A VFS deadlock post-mortem (April 3, 2013)
Dentry negativity (March 12, 2020)
Negative dentries, 20 years later (April 11, 2022)
Dealing with negative dentries (May 9, 2022)
Desktop support
Kernel Summit 2005: The Kernel and the Linux desktop (July 20, 2005)
A desktop kernel wishlist (October 29, 2014)
Development model
Linus merges up a storm (April 14, 2004)
Kernel Summit: Development process (July 21, 2004)
Another look at the new development model (July 27, 2004)
The -mm development tree (October 5, 2004)
MODULE_PARM deprecated (October 20, 2004)
Some development model notes (October 27, 2004)
Four-level page tables merged (January 5, 2005)
Flushing the page cache from user space (February 22, 2005)
Finding the boundaries for stable kernel patches (April 5, 2005)
Andrew Morton at linux.conf.au (April 23, 2005)
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: The hardware vendors' panel (July 19, 2005)
Reiser4 and kernel inclusion (September 21, 2005)
On the merging of ktimers (October 19, 2005)
What's not going into 2.6.18 (June 6, 2006)
Time for ext4? (June 12, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Kernel quality and development process (July 18, 2006)
Kernel Summit 2006: Development process II (July 19, 2006)
Old kernels and new compilers (August 21, 2006)
Device drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Pointy-haired kernel hackers? (July 11, 2007)
Still waiting for swap prefetch (July 25, 2007)
The case of the unwelcome attribution (September 19, 2007)
PF_CAN (October 8, 2007)
Getting the right kind of contributions (May 28, 2008)
Andrew Morton on kernel development (June 11, 2008)
KS2008: Linux 3.0 (September 16, 2008)
Btrfs to the mainline? (October 8, 2008)
An open letter to Evgeniy Polyakov (November 25, 2008)
On the management of the Video4Linux subsystem tree (February 24, 2009)
TuxOnIce: in from the cold? (May 13, 2009)
Communicating requirements to kernel developers (July 14, 2009)
Fault injection and unexpected requirement injection (December 2, 2009)
Redesigning asynchronous suspend/resume (December 16, 2009)
Two that didn't make it (December 22, 2009)
After the merge window closed... (March 16, 2010)
KVM, QEMU, and kernel project management (March 23, 2010)
A suspend blockers post-mortem (June 2, 2010)
ARM and defconfig files (June 16, 2010)
On the scalability of Linus (July 2, 2010)
A new combined tree for storage subsystems (September 15, 2010)
ARM's multiply-mapped memory mess (October 12, 2010)
KS2010: Big out-of-tree projects (November 2, 2010)
KS2010: Development process (November 3, 2010)
ARM wrestling (April 6, 2011)
Rationalizing the ARM tree (April 19, 2011)
The platform problem (May 18, 2011)
Android, forking, and control (June 6, 2011)
Avoiding the OS abstraction trap (August 12, 2011)
On multi-platform drivers (September 7, 2011)
Finding the right evolutionary niche (April 11, 2012)
LinuxCon Japan: Making kernel developers less grumpy (June 6, 2012)
A kernel panel convenes in Edinburgh (October 23, 2013)
On saying "no" (October 29, 2013)
AMD's Display Core difficulties (December 13, 2016)
LZ4: vendoring in the kernel (February 1, 2017)
Bash the kernel maintainers (November 6, 2017)
Too many lords, not enough stewards (January 31, 2018)
Two perspectives on the maintainer relationship (March 20, 2018)
FIPS-compliant random numbers for the kernel (December 7, 2021)
Remote participation at LSFMM (June 15, 2022)
Code review
Where have all the reviewers gone? (September 11, 2006)
A critical look at sysfs attribute values (March 17, 2010)
KS2011: Patch review (October 24, 2011)
Uninitialized blocks and unexpected flags (November 28, 2012)
A FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE followup (December 5, 2012)
What's missing from our changelogs (July 24, 2013)
Unreviewed code in 3.11 (August 7, 2013)
Two sessions on review (August 20, 2014)
On the problem of maintainer abuse (December 17, 2014)
Memory-management patch review (March 29, 2017)
The trouble with SMC-R (May 18, 2017)
The memory-management development process (April 27, 2018)
The memory-management subsystem development process (May 7, 2019)
Security requirements for new kernel features (July 28, 2022)
Community
ELC: Morton and Saxena on working with the kernel community (April 21, 2008)
KS2010: Welcoming newcomers (November 2, 2010)
Developer recruitment and outreach (November 4, 2015)
Contributor statistics
Who wrote 2.6.20? (February 21, 2007)
Who's writing 2.6.21 and related issues (March 7, 2007)
Who wrote - and approved - 2.6.22 (June 11, 2007)
2.6.24 - some statistics (January 9, 2008)
How patches get into the mainline (February 10, 2009)
Developer conduct
KS2007: Developer relations and development process (September 10, 2007)
On kernel mailing list behavior (July 17, 2013)
Code, conflict, and conduct (September 18, 2018)
The kernel's code of conduct, one week later (September 26, 2018)
The code of conduct at the Maintainers Summit (October 23, 2018)
A panel discussion on the kernel's code of conduct (November 20, 2018)
Developers as children
Quote of the week (June 15, 2004)
Diversity
Outreach program for women—kernel edition (June 12, 2013)
The Outreach Program for Women (October 29, 2013)
Code humor and inclusiveness (June 11, 2021)
Driver merging
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
KS2008: When should drivers be merged? (September 16, 2008)
Moving the -staging tree (October 1, 2008)
The sad story of the em28xx driver (November 11, 2008)
News from the staging tree (September 9, 2009)
On the driver life cycle (October 13, 2009)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
Broadcom's wireless drivers, one year later (August 29, 2011)
Vtunerc and software acceptance politics (December 14, 2011)
Merging Allwinner support (June 19, 2013)
Email analysis
Analyzing kernel email (November 13, 2019)
Enterprise kernels
Kernel competition in the enterprise space (March 14, 2012)
Kernel quality
Toward better kernel releases (December 7, 2004)
Is the kernel development process broken? (March 9, 2005)
Quotes of the week (March 8, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2005: Development process and quality assurance (July 20, 2005)
The newest development model and 2.6.14 (November 2, 2005)
Briefly: patch quality, CKRM, likely(), and vmsplice() (May 3, 2006)
Kernel bugs: out of control? (May 10, 2006)
Putting a lid on USB power (June 5, 2006)
Return values, warnings, and error situations (October 17, 2006)
Buried in warnings (November 1, 2006)
A tale of two release cycles (May 1, 2007)
The thorny case of kmalloc(0) (June 5, 2007)
KS2007: Kernel quality (September 6, 2007)
Various topics related to kernel quality (November 14, 2007)
Memory allocation failures and scary warnings (April 7, 2008)
Time to slow down? (May 7, 2008)
Tightening the merge window rules (September 9, 2008)
KS2008: Kernel quality and release process (September 16, 2008)
Tracking of testers and bug reporters - a status report (November 11, 2008)
A tempest in a tty pot (July 29, 2009)
KS2011: Preemption disable and verifiable APIs (October 24, 2011)
Drivers as documentation (November 22, 2011)
Removing uninitialized_var() (December 19, 2012)
Kernel quality control, or the lack thereof (December 7, 2018)
linux-next
linux-next and patch management process (February 13, 2008)
A day in the life of linux-next (June 23, 2008)
The current development kernel is...linux-next? (July 8, 2008)
Linux-next meets the merge window (July 23, 2008)
KS2009: Staging, linux-next, and the development process (October 21, 2009)
Bypassing linux-next (January 19, 2011)
KS2012: Improving development processes: linux-next (September 12, 2012)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The state of linux-next (August 20, 2014)
Loadable modules
The abrupt un-exporting of symbols (January 12, 2005)
Exported symbols and the internal API (September 11, 2007)
Tightening symbol exports (November 27, 2007)
Tracing unsigned modules (March 5, 2014)
The intersection of modules, GKI, and rocket science (October 11, 2021)
Maintainers
The kernel maintainer gap (October 30, 2013)
On moving on from being a maintainer (January 6, 2016)
On Linux kernel maintainer scalability (October 12, 2016)
Group maintainership models (November 2, 2016)
Scaling the kernel's MAINTAINERS file (August 10, 2017)
MAINTAINERS truth and fiction (January 14, 2021)
Finding real-world kernel subsystems (February 1, 2021)
Resurrecting fbdev (January 19, 2022)
Maintainers don't scale (June 6, 2022)
Patch management
Best practices for a big patch series (February 12, 2014)
Why kernel development still uses email (October 1, 2016)
Change IDs for kernel patches (August 29, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
Patterns
Linux kernel design patterns - part 1 (June 8, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 2 (June 12, 2009)
Linux kernel design patterns - part 3 (June 22, 2009)
Ghosts of Unix Past: a historical search for design patterns (October 27, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 2: Conflated designs (November 4, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 3: Unfixable designs (November 16, 2010)
Ghosts of Unix past, part 4: High-maintenance designs (November 23, 2010)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 1 (June 1, 2011)
Object-oriented design patterns in the kernel, part 2 (June 7, 2011)
Flags as a system call API design pattern (February 12, 2014)
Proper handling of unknown flags in system calls (February 26, 2014)
Regressions
Kernel testing and regressions: an example (July 26, 2005)
KS2009: Regressions (October 19, 2009)
KS2010: Regressions (November 2, 2010)
A more detailed look at kernel regressions (November 10, 2010)
Dueling memory-management performance regressions (June 14, 2019)
splice() and the ghost of set_fs() (May 26, 2022)
Better regression handling for the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Security issues
Handling kernel security problems (July 16, 2008)
debugfs: rules not welcome (February 22, 2011)
Dirty COW and clean commit messages (October 21, 2016)
Toward better handling of hardware vulnerabilities (September 12, 2018)
Improving the handling of embargoed hardware-security bugs (October 25, 2018)
What constitutes disclosure of a kernel vulnerability? (June 3, 2022)
A fuzzy issue of responsible disclosure (August 12, 2022)
Stable tree
Some numbers and thoughts on the stable kernels (August 27, 2010)
Further notes on stable kernels (September 8, 2010)
Maintaining a stable kernel on an unstable base (September 29, 2010)
A long-term support initiative update (February 29, 2012)
The value of release bureaucracy (April 17, 2012)
KS2012: Stable kernel management (September 12, 2012)
Some stable tree grumbles (July 17, 2013)
The linux-next and -stable trees (October 29, 2013)
The stable tree (August 20, 2014)
How many -stable patches introduce new bugs? (June 28, 2016)
Backports and long-term stable kernels (September 14, 2016)
A discussion on stable kernel workflow issues (November 1, 2016)
Cramming features into LTS kernel releases (October 10, 2017)
The strange story of the ARM Meltdown-fix backport (March 15, 2018)
Machine learning and stable kernels (September 12, 2018)
Making stable kernels more stable (October 24, 2018)
A filesystem corruption bug breaks loose (December 10, 2018)
The case of the supersized shebang (February 18, 2019)
Testing and the stable tree (May 28, 2019)
The stable-kernel process (September 16, 2019)
Identifying buggy patches with machine learning (November 4, 2019)
Revisiting stable-kernel regressions (February 13, 2020)
Maintaining stable stability (July 22, 2020)
Preparing for the realtime future (September 9, 2020)
XFS, stable kernels, and -rc releases (December 3, 2020)
A stable bug fix bites proprietary modules (June 21, 2021)
The core of the -stable debate (July 22, 2021)
Rolling stable kernels (October 6, 2021)
A last look at the 4.4 stable series (February 17, 2022)
Filesystems, testing, and stable trees (May 31, 2022)
User-space ABI
Sysfs and a stable kernel ABI (February 22, 2006)
ABI stability documentation (February 28, 2006)
Kevents and review of new APIs (August 23, 2006)
The final wireless extension? (October 4, 2006)
The death and possible rebirth of sysctl() (October 18, 2006)
Application-friendly kernel interfaces (March 26, 2007)
2.6 and the user-space ABI (May 15, 2007)
timerfd() and system call review (August 14, 2007)
Re-deprecating sysctl() (August 29, 2007)
KS2007: The greater kernel ecosystem and user-space APIs (September 6, 2007)
Process IDs in a multi-namespace world (November 6, 2007)
Debugfs and the making of a stable ABI (December 3, 2008)
Removing binary sysctl (November 11, 2009)
Extended error reporting (February 17, 2010)
Nouveau and interface compatibility (March 10, 2010)
The ghost of sysfs past (July 21, 2010)
Statistics and tracepoints (August 24, 2010)
KS2010: ABI status for tracepoints (November 2, 2010)
KS2010: A staging process for ABIs (November 2, 2010)
The media controller subsystem (November 16, 2010)
The kernel and the C library as a single project (November 30, 2010)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
-EWHICHERROR? (June 29, 2011)
The udev tail wags the dog (August 24, 2011)
Hardware face detection (November 29, 2011)
System call filtering and no_new_privs (January 18, 2012)
Short sleeps suffering from slack (February 17, 2012)
A sys_poll() ABI tweak (February 22, 2012)
Fixing the unfixable autofs ABI (April 30, 2012)
Removing four bytes from the kernel ABI (May 23, 2012)
msync() and subtle behavioral tweaks (June 19, 2012)
Virtualization and the perf ABI (December 19, 2012)
Glibc and the kernel user-space API (January 30, 2013)
When the kernel ABI has to change (July 2, 2013)
Device trees as ABI (July 30, 2013)
A perf ABI fix (September 24, 2013)
The kernel/user-space boundary (October 29, 2013)
Fixing FS_IOC_GETFLAGS (December 11, 2013)
Changing the default shared memory limits (April 23, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 1: An overview of dnotify and inotify (July 9, 2014)
Filesystem notification, part 2: A deeper investigation of inotify (July 14, 2014)
Handling ARM architecture changes (July 23, 2014)
How implementation details become ABI: a case study (October 1, 2014)
Haunted by ancient history (January 6, 2015)
Pagemap: security fixes vs. ABI compatibility (April 29, 2015)
Designing better kernel ABIs (October 26, 2016)
Specifying the kernel ABI (June 21, 2017)
Rethinking the Stack Clash fix (July 13, 2017)
C library system-call wrappers, or the lack thereof (November 12, 2018)
Maintainers Summit topics: pull depth, hardware vulnerabilities, etc. (September 17, 2019)
Free user space for non-graphics drivers (June 3, 2020)
The ABI status of filesystem formats (October 8, 2020)
Systemd catches up with bind events (November 13, 2020)
The imminent stable-version apocalypse (February 5, 2021)
Version numbers
Linux 3.0? (September 3, 2008)
2.6.x-rc0 (October 7, 2009)
Development tools
Ketchup with that? (April 28, 2004)
The end of gcc 2.95 support (December 13, 2005)
Kernel Summit 2006: Automated testing (July 19, 2006)
Device resource management (January 2, 2007)
Using Promela and Spin to verify parallel algorithms (August 1, 2007)
Who maintains this file? (August 21, 2007)
KS2008: Development tools (September 16, 2008)
Who is the best inliner of all? (January 14, 2009)
Poke-a-hole and friends (June 10, 2009)
Finding buffer overflows with Parfait (July 29, 2009)
Hw-breakpoint: shared debugging registers (September 16, 2009)
A module for crashing the kernel (January 26, 2010)
Undertaker 1.0 (February 1, 2011)
The dynamic debugging interface (March 22, 2011)
KS2011: Scheduler testing (October 24, 2011)
Validating Memory Barriers and Atomic Instructions (December 6, 2011)
Trusting the hardware too much (February 15, 2012)
Linsched for 3.3 (March 21, 2012)
I/O Hook (July 30, 2013)
The kernel address sanitizer (September 17, 2014)
Memory-management testing and debugging (March 16, 2015)
Testing power failures (March 18, 2015)
Fuzzing perf_events (August 5, 2015)
libnvdimm, or the unexpected virtue of unit tests (August 12, 2015)
Speeding up kernel development with QEMU (October 14, 2015)
Protecting private structure members (January 6, 2016)
Coverage-guided kernel fuzzing with syzkaller (March 2, 2016)
Automatically detecting kernel interface changes (October 19, 2016)
A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1) (April 14, 2017)
An introduction to the BPF Compiler Collection (December 22, 2017)
BPFd: Running BCC tools remotely across systems and architectures (January 23, 2018)
Software-tag-based KASAN (September 26, 2018)
Snowpatch: continuous-integration testing for the kernel (January 26, 2019)
Finding race conditions with KCSAN (October 14, 2019)
Next steps for kernel workflow improvement (November 1, 2019)
Better tools for kernel developers (February 6, 2020)
Attestation for kernel patches (March 2, 2020)
The pseudo cpuidle driver (May 21, 2020)
Scrutinizing bugs found by syzbot (October 13, 2021)
Detecting missing memory barriers with KCSAN (December 2, 2021)
A reference-count tracking infrastructure (December 6, 2021)
Digging into the community's lore with lei (December 13, 2021)
Driver regression testing with roadtest (March 18, 2022)
Finding bugs with sanitizers (September 27, 2022)
blktests
Storage testing (May 28, 2019)
Coccinelle
Semantic patching with Coccinelle (January 20, 2009)
Evolutionary development of a semantic patch using Coccinelle (March 30, 2010)
KS2010: Lightning talks (November 2, 2010)
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
Inside the mind of a Coccinelle programmer (August 31, 2016)
Forges
Pulling GitHub into the kernel process (June 23, 2021)
How Red Hat uses GitLab for kernel development (October 1, 2021)
Git
The guts of git (April 12, 2005)
A very quick guide to starting with git (April 20, 2005)
A couple of graphical git front ends (July 4, 2005)
Git approaches 1.0 (July 27, 2005)
Rebasing and merging: some git best practices (April 14, 2009)
Finding a patch's kernel version with git (June 16, 2010)
Git tree maintenance (October 29, 2013)
Rebasing and merging in kernel repositories (June 18, 2019)
"git request-pull" and confusing diffstats (October 21, 2019)
Handling messy pull-request diffstats (April 22, 2022)
Infrastructure
A kernel.org update (July 22, 2009)
KS2010: Kernel.org update (November 3, 2010)
Kernel development without kernel.org (September 13, 2011)
Where's that tree? (September 21, 2011)
The forest on the move (September 28, 2011)
Kernel.org's road to recovery (October 4, 2011)
KS2011: Kernel.org report (October 24, 2011)
A kernel.org update (October 29, 2013)
Kernel.org news: two-factor authentication and more (August 25, 2014)
Kernel debugging
The kernel lock validator (May 31, 2006)
Injecting faults into the kernel (November 14, 2006)
kmemcheck (November 27, 2007)
An object debugging infrastructure (March 3, 2008)
Bisection divides users and developers (April 15, 2008)
Netoops (November 10, 2010)
Displaying QR codes for kernel crashes (June 27, 2012)
Debugging ARM kernels using fast interrupts (May 29, 2014)
BPF-based error injection for the kernel (November 29, 2017)
A kernel debugger in Python: drgn (May 29, 2019)
Kernel tracing
Tracing infrastructures (September 19, 2006)
A generic tracing interface (September 19, 2007)
Tracing: no shortage of options (July 22, 2008)
Low-level tracing plumbing (September 30, 2008)
On the value of static tracepoints (April 28, 2009)
Dynamic probes with ftrace (July 28, 2009)
Fun with tracepoints (August 12, 2009)
TRACE_EVENT_ABI (September 30, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 1 (December 9, 2009)
Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 2 (December 22, 2009)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 1) (March 24, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 2) (March 31, 2010)
Using the TRACE_EVENT() macro (Part 3) (April 21, 2010)
ELC: Using LTTng (April 21, 2010)
One ring buffer to rule them all? (May 26, 2010)
trace-cmd: A front-end for Ftrace (October 20, 2010)
Conditional tracepoints (November 30, 2010)
Using KernelShark to analyze the real-time scheduler (February 2, 2011)
Ftrace, perf, and the tracing ABI (May 11, 2011)
LTTng rejection, next generation (December 14, 2011)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 1 (April 11, 2012)
LTTng 2.0: Tracing for power users and developers - part 2 (April 18, 2012)
KS2012: Improving tracing and debugging (September 12, 2012)
Ktap — yet another kernel tracer (May 22, 2013)
Triggers for tracing (June 26, 2013)
Ktap almost gets into 3.13 (November 6, 2013)
Ktap or BPF? (April 23, 2014)
Ftrace: The hidden light switch (August 13, 2014)
Ftrace and histograms: a fork in the road (March 4, 2015)
KernelShark releases version 1.0 (July 31, 2019)
Unifying kernel tracing (October 30, 2019)
How to unbreak LTTng (April 20, 2020)
Comparing SystemTap and bpftrace (April 13, 2021)
kgdb
kgdb getting closer to being merged? (February 20, 2008)
Merging kdb and kgdb (February 17, 2010)
Linux kernel memory model
Calibrating your fear of big bad optimizing compilers (October 11, 2019)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 1) (April 8, 2020)
Concurrency bugs should fear the big bad data-race detector (part 2) (April 14, 2020)
LLVM
LFCS: Building the kernel with Clang (May 4, 2011)
LFCS: The LLVMLinux project (May 7, 2013)
mmiotrace
Tracing memory-mapped I/O operations (February 26, 2008)
MMTests
Testing for kernel performance regressions (August 3, 2012)
Scheduler benchmarking with MMTests (May 19, 2020)
rt-app
Notes from the LPC scheduler microconference (September 18, 2017)
Rust
Supporting Linux kernel development in Rust (August 31, 2020)
Rust heads into the kernel? (April 21, 2021)
Rust for Linux redux (July 7, 2021)
The Rust for Linux project (September 16, 2021)
Key Rust concepts for the kernel (September 17, 2021)
More Rust concepts for the kernel (September 20, 2021)
Using Rust for kernel development (September 27, 2021)
The kernel radar: folios, multi-generational LRU, and Rust (January 20, 2022)
Rustaceans at the border (April 14, 2022)
A pair of Rust kernel modules (September 12, 2022)
The perils of pinning (September 15, 2022)
Next steps for Rust in the kernel (September 19, 2022)
Sparse
Finding kernel problems automatically (June 1, 2004)
Using sparse for endianness verification (October 25, 2006)
Sparse gets a maintainer (November 8, 2006)
Sparse: a look under the hood (June 8, 2016)
Static analysis
One year of Coverity work (August 20, 2014)
Static code checks for the kernel (April 13, 2016)
Smatch: pluggable static analysis for C (June 22, 2016)
Testing
Automated kernel testing (June 8, 2005)
Kernel test automation with LTP (December 17, 2014)
Kernel testing (November 4, 2015)
Memory-management testing (April 27, 2016)
Notes from Linaro Connect (March 15, 2017)
Stack and driver testing (March 22, 2017)
Filesystem test suites (June 13, 2018)
A kernel unit-testing framework (March 1, 2019)
How many kernel test frameworks? (June 5, 2019)
Defragmenting the kernel development process (September 14, 2019)
The 2019 Automated Testing Summit (November 13, 2019)
Preparing for the realtime future (September 9, 2020)
The runtime verification subsystem (June 7, 2021)
Trinity
KS2012: Regression testing (August 30, 2012)
LCA: The Trinity fuzz tester (February 6, 2013)
Two sessions on kernel testing (October 29, 2013)
Trinity and memory management testing (March 26, 2014)
Undertaker
Three talks on kernel development tools (October 22, 2014)
xfstests
Toward better testing (March 26, 2014)
devfs
The end of the devfs story (June 13, 2005)
The return of devfs (May 6, 2009)
Device drivers
Generic DMA pools (February 3, 2004)
The end of init_etherdev() and friends (March 2, 2004)
The new way of ioctl() (January 18, 2005)
NETIF_F_LLTX and race conditions (February 1, 2005)
HALs considered harmful (March 15, 2005)
RapidIO support for Linux (June 8, 2005)
ACPI, device interrupts, and suspend states (August 3, 2005)
ZONE_DMA32 (September 20, 2005)
Dynamic USB device IDs (November 21, 2005)
bcm43xx and the 802.11 stack (December 6, 2005)
The Novell Partner Linux Driver Process (May 17, 2006)
Device drivers and non-disclosure agreements (October 9, 2006)
KS2007: Hardware support and the i386/x86_64 merger (September 6, 2007)
Linux driver project gets a full-time leader (October 3, 2007)
Short subjects: kerneloops, read-mostly, and port 80 (December 18, 2007)
Merging drivers early (February 27, 2008)
A new suspend/hibernate infrastructure (March 19, 2008)
Why some drivers are not merged early (June 18, 2008)
LIRC delurks (September 10, 2008)
UKUUG: Arnd Bergmann on interconnecting with PCIe (November 19, 2008)
Kernel support for infrared receivers (December 2, 2009)
LCA: Graphics driver ponies (January 26, 2010)
The USB composite framework (July 14, 2010)
Shielding driver authors from locking (October 20, 2010)
Deferred driver probing (July 7, 2011)
The pin control subsystem (November 22, 2011)
A firewall for device drivers (August 13, 2021)
Accelerators
Not-a-GPU accelerator drivers cross the line (August 26, 2021)
Requirements for accelerator drivers (September 27, 2021)
Synchronized GPU priority scheduling (October 22, 2021)
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